广州城市绿地系统景观生态学分析

绿地是城市这个人工景观中最重要的自然要素。以往对绿地的研究主要集中于能量流动等功能方面,很少涉及空间结构,在本文中,将利用景观生态学中的原理和方法,分析广州市绿地景观的异质性,并提出一些建议。     

Dynamic response of the scenic beauty value of different forests to various thinning intensities in central eastern China

Forest management has a significant influence on the preferences of people for forest landscapes. This study sought to evaluate the dynamic effects of thinning intensities on the landscape value of forests over time. Five typical stands in Wuxiangsi National Forest Park in Nanjing, China, were subjected to a thinning experiment designed with four intensities: unthinned, light thinning, moderate thinning, and heavy thinning. People’s preferences for landscape photographs taken in plots under various thinning intensities were assessed through scenic beauty estimation (SBE) at 2 and 5 years after thinning. The differences in scenic beauty value between different thinning intensities were then analyzed with a paired samples t test for the two periods. The results indicated that the landscape value of all of the thinned plots significantly exceeded that of the unthinned plots 2 years after thinning (p?相似文献   

草莓蚜虫防治用药对蜜蜂的急性毒性与风险评价

为明确草莓蚜虫防治用药对蜜蜂的影响,按照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》和《化学品测试方法》要求测定了20%啶虫脒SP、10%氟啶虫酰胺WG和22%氟啶虫胺腈SC对意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)的急性毒性,并采用危害商值(HQ)法进行了风险评价。急性毒性结果显示:20%啶虫脒SP、10%氟啶虫酰胺WG和22%氟啶虫胺腈SC对蜜蜂的急性经口毒性试验结果(48 h-LD50值)分别为4.47μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)、11.2μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)和0.0601μg a.i.·蜂~(-1),对蜜蜂的急性接触毒性试验结果(48 hLD50值)分别为11.0μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)、13.9μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)和0.643μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)。按《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》中毒性等级划分标准,20%啶虫脒SP、10%氟啶虫酰胺WG和22%氟啶虫胺腈SC对蜜蜂的毒性等级分别为中毒、低毒和高毒。风险评价结果表明,22%氟啶虫胺腈SC对蜜蜂存在中等风险(HQ值为1 622),20%啶虫脒SP和10%氟啶虫酰胺WG对蜜蜂的风险为低风险,其HQ值分别为40.3和6.70。因此,草莓生产中可优先选用10%氟啶虫酰胺WG来防治蚜虫,20%啶虫脒SP次之。而使用22%氟啶虫胺腈SC时,应注意采取措施降低其对蜜蜂的毒性风险,以免造成危害。     

不同测试方法评估48%毒死蜱乳油对玉米田施药者的人体暴露风险

本研究选取3种不同暴露环境,分别为玉米株高达到施药者膝盖左右(暴露环境1)、达到施药者腰部左右(暴露环境2)和高于施药者身高(暴露环境3),采用手动背负式喷雾器,在这3种暴露环境中施喷48%毒死蜱乳油(EC,稀释500倍),通过贴片法和全身整体测试法(whole body dosimetry,WBD)分析了施药者农药皮肤暴露量(dermal exposure,DE)。依据试验结果,发现在暴露环境1和2中,2种测试方法的农药潜在皮肤暴露量(potential dermal exposure,PDE)无显著性差异,但在暴露环境3中,2种测试方法的PDE之间存在显著性差异(LSD0.05=57.9);对施药者的主要暴露部位进行分析,发现在暴露环境1和暴露环境2中2种测试方法的暴露部位类似,但在暴露环境3中显示,贴片法为手部,全身测试法为上半身(头、颈、前胸、后背及手臂)。使用全身测试法测定PDE同时测定直接皮肤暴露量(actual dermal exposure,ADE),并利用ADE和PDE计算外穿防护服(运动服)渗透率的结果,3种暴露环境分别为4.69%、5.19%和5.54%,比通常假设的防护服或工作服的10%渗透率小。     

海水中石油类国标分析方法存在的问题及改进建议

当前海水石油类分析三种国标方法存在代表性和适用性不足的问题,不同方法的数据间缺乏可比性,给政府和民众控制水体污染、评价水质状况带来偏差和不便。建议国家相关部门修订海水石油类分析方法,将水质石油类分析国标方法统一为红外分光光度法。通过海水样品加标实验验证了该方法的可行性,实际操作简便、准确。     

稳定态纳米零价铁-厌氧菌联合处理法降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚

利用SEM、XRD、FTIR等手段对稳定态纳米零价铁（NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI）进行表征,并考察NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系对2,4,6-三氯苯酚（2,4,6-TCP）的降解效果。实验结果表明：NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI具有较强的抗氧化能力及较好的分散性;当2,4,6-TCP质量浓度 50 mg/L、NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI加入量1 g/L、初始 pH 7.00、反应120 h时,2,4,6-TCP的去除率为34.76%,一级降解速率常数为0.022 1,均远大于普通纳米零价铁颗粒;在NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系中,2,4,6-TCP的去除率可达82.70%,NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI与厌氧微生物之间表现出明显的协同效应,能有效缓解2,4,6-TCP对厌氧微生物的抑制作用,稳定体系pH,提高微生物的降解活性和产甲烷活性。     

The morphological structure of leaves and the dust-retaining capability of afforested plants in urban Guangzhou, South China

Purpose

Air pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world, exacerbating a wide range of respiratory and vascular illnesses in urban areas. The mass artificial plantation is very helpful to absorb dust and reduce pollution for conservation of the urban environment. The foliar surface of plants is an important receptor of atmospheric pollutants. Therefore, selection of suitable plant species for urban environment is very important.

Methods

The dust-retaining capability of urban trees in Guangzhou was determined at four different types of urban area, and the morphological traits of their leaves such as wax, cuticle, stomata, and trichomes were observed under a scanning electron microscope.

Results

It was determined that the dust-retaining capability of any given tree species is significantly different in the same place. Of the four studied tree species in the industrial area (IA) and commercial/traffic areas (CTA) type urban areas, the highest amounts of dust removed by Mangifera indica Linn was 12.723 and 1.482?g/m², respectively. However, in contrast, the equivalent maxima for Bauhinia blakeana is only 2.682?g/m² and 0.720?g/m², respectively. Different plant species have different leaf morphology. The leaf of M. indica has deep grooves and high stomata density which are in favor of dust-retained, and thus, their dust-retained capability is stronger, while B. blakeana has the cells and epicuticular wax with its stomata arranging regularly, resulting in poor dust catching capability. Leaf size was also shown to be related to dust capture for the four studied tree species.

Conclusions

The dust removal capacity of individual tree species should be taken into account in the management of greening plantation in and around an urban area. It was also shown that temporal variation in dust accumulation occurred over the 28-day observation period and this was discussed. Furthermore, spatial contrasts in dust accumulation were evidenced by the data. This reflected the differing pollution loadings of the four urban-type areas. The highest amount of dust accumulation was associated with the industrial area in which shipyard and steelworks occurred whilst the lowest dust accumulation was associated with the grounds of the University which was the control area.     

序批式工艺制备生物聚合硫酸铁混凝剂

本实验研究了序批式工艺(SBR)制备生物聚合铁混凝剂过程中主要影响因素(接种微生物浓度、起始亚铁离子浓度)对亚铁离子氧化速率的影响。研究结果显示,在受试实验条件内,较高的接种微生物浓度和较低的起始Fe2+浓度有利于Fe2+氧化,Fe2+浓度变化与反应时间呈线性关系;当起始Fe2+浓度为20 g/L,接种细菌浓度约为8×108个/mL时,Fe2+氧化速率最大,最大值可达到0.375 g/(L.h)。在反应过程中生成了少量黄色沉淀,经傅里叶变换红外光谱分析后确定其主要成分为黄钾铁矾。合成的生物聚合硫酸铁经过干化后各项指标均符合《水处理剂聚合硫酸铁》(GB 14591-2006)之规定。对比实验表明,自制生物聚合硫酸铁海水混凝时性能优于实验所选品牌的商业产品。     

微生物絮凝法处理养鱼污水

以枯草杆菌为絮凝产生菌,优化养鱼污水对其培养条件,探讨其降解污水有机物效果及增殖变化,并讨论分析絮凝活性分布、成分组成。结果表明：pH 6.7～7.8、碳氮比20～40、COD≥85 mg/L养鱼污水（灭菌）培养该菌36 h,其培养液（2 mL投量）对高岭土悬液的絮凝率达39.5%,养鱼污水COD去除率达47.2%,絮凝菌生长良好;该絮凝菌其絮凝活性物质是菌体分泌物,成分主要为多糖。     

活性炭纤维吸附含溴甲烷气体的性能

采用动态吸附法在25℃下,测定了3种活性炭纤维(ACF-1、ACF-2和ACF-3)对含溴甲烷气体的吸附性能和回收效果,并对活性炭纤维的孔结构进行表征.探讨了孔结构、溴甲烷浓度、气体流量、循环使用次数等因素对活性炭纤维吸附溴甲烷性能的影响.结果表明,活性炭纤维比表面积大小及0.4～0.8 nm左右的微孔数量决定了其对溴甲烷吸附性能的优劣;气体中溴甲烷的浓度的提高使活性炭纤维对溴甲烷的穿透和饱和吸附量增加,而气体流量的增加则使活性炭纤维对溴甲烷的穿透和饱和吸附量降低,但两者均使穿透和饱和吸附时间缩短;活性炭纤维多次循环使用后,对溴甲烷的吸附容量明显地降低,循环12次后达到稳定吸附,其稳定吸附值为133.5 mg/g.