主成分分析法在水质评价中的应用及分析

针对主成分分析能够从众多因子中筛选出主要成分,对数据结构进行简化,为后续工作筛选主要因子提供依据等优点,分别介绍了主成分分析法的原理和步骤,并将其应用于水质评价中。以淮河安徽段干流的十一个断面为例,选取了八个因子进行分析研究。结果表明：对涉及因子较多,且因子间相关性相对较大的水质进行评价时主成分分析法是一种有效的方法。     

福州地区农业用地土壤重金属环境容量评价

运用GIS技术,依据福州地区土壤背景值资料,采用综合指数法对福州地区农业用地进行土壤重金属环境容量评价,划分出高容量区、中容量区、低容量区、警戒区和超载区5个等级,并依据所得评价结果,对福州地区农业用地的规划与布局提出了建议.     

景观生态学在铁路生态环境评价中的应用初探

道路景观生态学是景观生态学新的研究课题。文章从景观视点出发,分析景观生态学的相关原理在铁路建设生态环境评价中的应用,为拟建铁路生态环境评价区域的确定及对生态环境影响的评价和预测提供了坚实的理论基础,进而从景观层次提出相应的预防和恢复措施,为铁路建设生态环境评价提出了新的理论依据和研究方向。     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS及其对污泥表面特性的影响

取厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥,根据粒径筛分为R1(0. 5～1. 4 mm)、R2(1. 4～2. 8 mm)和R3( 2. 8 mm)这3组.提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS,分析EPS特性及其对厌氧氨氧化聚集体表面特性的影响.随着厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥粒径的增加,PS含量介于(10. 69±0. 11)～(12. 28±0. 15) mg·g~(-1)之间,而PN含量从(56. 88±0. 86) mg·g~(-1)增加到(98. 59±2. 10) mg·g~(-1),且PN/PS从5. 32提高到9. 05.不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS官能团及三维荧光组分含量不同.随着颗粒污泥粒径增大,蛋白质二级结构α-螺旋/(β-折叠+无规卷曲)值从0. 60逐渐降低到0. 43,这种变化有利于污泥表面疏水性的表达.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增大,污泥表面疏水性由54. 2%提高到63. 1%,Zeta电位由-41. 2 m V增加到-31. 5 m V,疏水性的增强和表面电荷的增大有利于颗粒污泥的聚集.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS可以增强污泥疏水性和提高Zeta电位,EPS中的PN发挥着重要的作用.     

Cu2O@ZnO复合光催化剂对难生物降解有机物的光降解

通过改进的浸渍-还原-空气氧化法成功制备了Cu₂O@ZnO复合光催化剂,考察Cu₂O@ZnO对对硝基苯酚（PNP）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）2种不同化学结构污染物的光催化效果,同时探究了催化剂的稳定性和降解机制.结果表明,在模拟太阳光照射下,当铜锌物质的量比为0.15时,Cu₂O@ZnO复合光催化剂具有最佳的光催化降解性能,其中对硝基苯酚的光催化降解率为98.2%,聚丙烯酰胺光催化降解率为99.7%.基于X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、光致发光（PL）光谱、紫外-可见（UV-Vis）吸收光谱等表征手段可以推断,Cu₂O和ZnO形成Ⅱ型异质结,有效地抑制光生电子空穴对的复合.自由基捕获实验指出超氧自由基和空穴为主要活性物种,经过4次循环使用后光催化剂仍具有很高的光催化性能.     

汞对小麦幼苗生长和过氧化物酶同工酶的影响

过氧化物酶对植物的生长发育起着重要作用,对不良环境条件的反应也十分敏感。不少学者研究了不良因素对植物过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶谱的影响,证明在逆境条件下过氧化物酶活性常常增强,同工酶谱发生变化;但也有人认为没有影响。在汞作用下,小麦植株体内发生了一系列生理生化变化,但未见汞对小麦幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶影响的系统报道。     

城市湿地在城市生态建设中的作用及其保护对策

探讨了城市湿地在城市生态建设中的作用,分别介绍了城市湿地的功能,目前存在的主要问题及其保护对策。阐明了城市湿地在城市生态建设中的重要作用和地位,为保护城市湿地资源应该积极建设城市湿地公园和自然保护区;利用生物技术修复湿地;建立湿地信息系统和健康评价系统;加强湿地的立法执法力度、规范生态旅游;加强宣传和公众参与同时还要加强国际合作、转变湿地公园的运营模式。     

g-C3N4/rGO/TiO2光催化材料降解模拟污水中氨氮

以自制的g-C₃N₄和氧化石墨烯（GO）及TiO₂为原料,通过静电吸附组装、水热还原等反应过程制备以还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）为光生电子传输介质的g-C₃N₄/rGO/TiO₂光催化材料,并通过冷场发射扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、紫外-可见光漫反射光谱（UV-Vis-DRS）、光电流密度测试等方法对催化剂形貌结构和光学性能进行了表征.选择含氮浓度为50mg/L的氨氮溶液作为模拟原水,调节氨氮溶液的pH值至9~10,研究了该光催化材料在氙灯照射下的氨氮去除效果.结果表明,g-C₃N₄/rGO/TiO₂光催化材料的SEM照片显示其为TiO₂包覆结构,复合材料的XRD图谱同时出现了TiO₂和g-C₃N₄的衍射峰,DRS光谱则体现出复合材料在可见光区的光吸收能力明显增强;对氨氮的去除实验表明原材料GO：g-C₃N₄=1：10的复合光催化材料有较好的光催化降解氨氮的性能,氨氮平均去除率为97%.通过采用电子顺磁共振（EPR）测定反应过程中的活性自由基,推测降解机理为：复合光催化剂在氙灯照射下生成的超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基直接在材料表面对吸附的NH₃进行氧化,而rGO则作为光催化材料的传输介质起到了传导光生电荷的作用.     

Diverse molecular compositions of dissolved organic matter derived from different composts using ESI FT-ICR MS

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties. However, little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level. In this study, the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost (KWC), green waste compost (GWC), manure waste compost (MWC), and sewage sludge compost (SSC) were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories: CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS. The KWC, MWC, and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction (35.8%-47.4%) of CHON subcategory, while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction (68.4%) of CHO subcategory. The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient compounds that were less saturated, more aromatic, and more oxidized compared with other samples. Further analysis of the oxygen, nitrogen-containing (N-containing), and sulfur-containing (S-containing) functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity. Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8% ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%, 11.1%, 10.7%, and 6.3% unique formulas of GWC, KWC, SSC, and MWC DOM, respectively, suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique, source-specific molecular signatures. The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.     

Nano Fe2O3 embedded in montmorillonite with citric acid enhanced photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles towards diethyl phthalate

Nano-Fe₂O₃ embedded in montmorillonite particles (Fe-Mt) were prepared to degrade diethyl phthalate (DEP) with citric acid (CA) under xenon light irradiation. Compared to pristine montmorillonite (Na-Mt), the embedding process increased 14.5-fold of iron content and 1.8-fold of specific surface area. The synthesized Fe-Mt have more oxygen vacancies than Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles (nFe₂O₃), which could induce more reactive oxygen species (ROSs) generation in the presence of CA under xenon lamp irradiation. Fe-Mt with CA enhanced photo-assisted degradation of DEP 2.5 times as compared to nFe₂O₃ with CA. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and identification of products confirmed that surface-bound ?OH was the main radical to degrade DEP. Common anions (i.e., NO₃^?, CO₃^2?, Cl^?) and humic acid could compete ?OH with DEP and cause slower degradation of DEP. The removal efficiency of DEP was more than 56% with Fe-Mt after three recycles, and the dissolved Fe concentration from Fe-Mt was below 75 μmol/L, indicating Fe-Mt had a good stability as a catalyst. Fe-Mt together with CA appeared to be a promising strategy to remove organic pollutants in surface water, or topsoil under solar irradiation.