自然灾害防控产业的技术突破与发展路径战略研究∗

在全球气候变化及地质活动日益活跃的孕灾大环境下,我国亟待实现自然灾害的快速高效应急处理,相应的灾害防控产业升级同样势在必行。结合自然灾害防控关键环节的发展方向,通过文献整理、现场调研、专家咨询及问卷调查等方式,分析了自然灾害防控产业面临的问题与挑战,开展自然灾害防控产业技术突破与发展路径的研究,提出以下对策措施：构建更为完善的标准化体系,严格核定从业资格,实时把控自然灾害防控产业的市场动态, 保障产业市场良性竞争;立足本土化发展优势,集群化发展自然灾害防控产业,贯通自然灾害多产业链条;以自然灾害防灾减灾的基础研究为主导,通过理论创新和技术迭代,完成自然灾害产业升级,提升产业整体性、系统性和协同性,打造防灾减灾产业端的国际核心竞争力。本文将为自然灾害防控的产业高质量快速发展提供前瞻性、针对性、储备性的科学参考。     

张衡地动仪工作原理探究∗

张衡地动仪至今仍未得到公认的复原模型,通过对张衡的哲学思想、科学成就等史料研究,对袁宏著《后汉纪》中描述地动仪的文字内容进行分析,对张衡研制的“地动仪”和“水运浑象”进行比较,认为地动仪为自动运行一体化精密仪器,可实现对微弱地振动信号感知、放大和记录功能。结合当时的历史背景和科技水平,提出了三点悬挂复合物理摆+机械杠杆放大的地动仪复原技术方案,详细介绍了地动仪摆锤的悬挂方式、八个方向地振动信号的提取、机械杠杆放大机构和擒纵机构的设计思路,并研制了实验样机,证实地动仪工作原理具有科学性,且能与文献中描述地动仪的文字内容相互验证。     

唐山市近岸海域入海排污口监管对策研究

“十三五”期间,唐山市加大重点流域和海域综合整治力度,入海污染物总量大幅减少,近岸海域优良水质面积比例呈上升趋势,但入海排污口数量仍然较大,陆源污染物通过入海排污口进入海洋,对海洋生态环境质量产生一定影响。唐山市作为渤海入海排污口排查整治试点城市,通过总结排查整治方法和监管措施经验,提出明确排污口管理责任、推进排污口分类整治、加强监管能力建设、开展排污口动态更新等监督管理措施建议,为渤海入海排污口全面排查整治提供可复制、可推广、可借鉴的排污口排查整治经验。     

H2O2处理酸性大红GR染料废水的研究

通过对废水pH值、H2O2用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等工艺条件的考察,确定了H2O2催化氧化处理酸性大红染料废水的最佳工艺条件pH 4、H2O2用量6 mL/L、催化剂用量3 g/L、反应时间100 min、反应温度70℃.在该条件下,COD和色度的去除率分别为76.7%和99.4%;通过反应前后的紫外-可见光光谱分析表明,H2O2催化氧化处理酸性大红GR染料废水有比较好的效果,为该工艺处理酸性大红GR染料废水提供了科学依据.     

地下水DNAPLs污染的研究进展

地下水有机污染特别是DNAPLs污染是当前国际上地下水污染控制的热点问题。本文综述了DNAPLs的监测技术、DNAPL在含水层的迁移及DNAPb污染场地修复技术的研究进展。     

An integrated method for the rapid dewatering and solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediment with a high water content

• An integrated method, called PHDVPSS, was proposed for treating DCS. • The PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to conventional method. • Using the method, water content (%) of DCS decreased from 300 to<150 in 3 days. • The 56-day UCS from this method is 12‒17 times higher than conventional method. • Relative to PC, GGBS-MgO binder yielded greater reduction in the leachability. To more efficiently treat the dredged contaminated sediment (DCS) with a high water content, this study proposes an integrated method (called PHDVPSS) that uses the solidifying/stabilizing (S/S) agents and prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP). Using this method, dewatering and solidification/stabilization can be carried out simultaneously such that the treatment time can be significantly shortened and the treatment efficacy can be significantly improved. A series of model tests was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results indicated that the proposed PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to the conventional S/S method that uses Portland cement (PC) directly without prior dewatering. The 56-day unconfined compressive strength of DCS treated by the proposed method with GGBS-MgO as the binder is 12‒17 times higher than that by the conventional S/S method. DCS treated by the PHDVPSS method exhibited continuous decrease in leaching concentration of Zn with increasing curing age. The reduction of Zn leachability is more obvious when using GGBS-MgO as the binder than when using PC, because GGBS-MgO increased the residual fraction and decreased the acid soluble fraction of Zn. The microstructure analysis reveals the formation of hydrotalcite in GGBS-MgO binder, which resulted in higher mechanical strength and higher Zn stabilization efficiency.     

Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms in a simulated Al2O3-Fe2O3-Cr2O3-CuO waste system

• Cu and Cr can be mostly incorporated into CuFe_xAl_yCr_2−x−yO₄ with a spinel structure. • Spinel phase is the most crucial structure for Cu and Cr co-stabilization. • Compared to Al, Fe and Cr are easier to be incorporated into the spinel structure. • ‘Waste-to-resource’ by thermal process at attainable temperatures can be achieved. Chromium slag usually contains various heavy metals, making its safe treatment difficult. Glass-ceramic sintering has been applied to resolve this issue and emerged as an effective method for metal immobilization by incorporating heavy metals into stable crystal structures. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the reaction pathways adopted by multiple heavy metals and the co-stabilization functions of the crystal structure. To study the Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms during thermal treatment, a simulated system was prepared using a mixture with a molar ratio of Al₂O₃:Fe₂O₃:Cr₂O₃:CuO= 1:1:1:3. The samples were sintered at temperatures 600–1300°C followed by intensive analysis of phase constitutions and microstructure development. A spinel phase (CuFe_xAl_yCr_2−x−yO₄) started to generate at 700°C and the incorporation of Cu/Cr into the spinel largely complete at 900°C, although the spinel peak intensity continued increasing slightly at temperatures above 900°C. Fe₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ was more easily incorporated into the spinel at lower temperatures, while more Al₂O₃ was gradually incorporated into the spinel at higher temperatures. Additionally, sintered sample microstructures became more condensed and smoother with increased sintering temperature. Cu / Cr leachability substantially decreased after Cu/Cr incorporation into the spinel phase at elevated temperatures. At 600°C, the leached ratios for Cu and Cr were 6.28% and 0.65%, respectively. When sintering temperature was increased to 1300°C, the leached ratios for all metal components in the system were below 0.2%. This study proposes a sustainable method for managing Cu/Cr co-exist slag at reasonable temperatures.     

麻黄碱在斑马鱼体内的器官特异性蓄积及毒代动力学

麻黄碱（ephedrine,EPH）是一种生物碱,用于减轻感冒、过敏性鼻炎、鼻炎及鼻窦炎引起的鼻充血症状,控制支气管哮喘等,同时还是制造毒品冰毒的原料.EPH已经在地表水中广泛检出,并可能对水生生物甚至生态系统产生不利影响.但目前,EPH在水生生物中的摄取、器官分配和毒代动力学过程还没有受到关注.本研究中将斑马鱼（Danio rerio）在半静态系统中暴露于EPH,研究斑马鱼的不同器官对EPH的吸收、蓄积以及EPH在斑马鱼体内的毒物代动力学.暴露浓度分别为0.01、1.00和100.00 μg·L^-1,暴露14 d后,在斑马鱼脑、肝、肠、卵巢及肌肉中均检测到EPH,高浓度组斑马鱼脑中EPH最高达到84.97 ng·g^-1;EPH的平均含量的相对大小遵循以下顺序：脑 > 卵巢 > 肝 >肠 > 肌肉.斑马鱼器官中的麻黄碱的摄取速率常数（K_u）为0.23~570.31 L·（kg·d）^-1,消除速率常数（K_e）为1.22~6.11 d^-1,半衰期为0.12~0.57 d.观察到的生物富集系数（BCF_o）和动力学来源的生物富集系数（BCF_k）范围分别为0.24~337.33 L·kg^-1和0.13~316.43 L·kg^-1,处于相同的水平.     

基于平稳与非平稳GEV模型的鄱阳湖流域极值降水模拟

论文基于鄱阳湖流域降水数据,采用平稳和非平稳GEV模型进行极值降水的模拟和分析。检测各站年最大1 d降水量序列（AMS1）的非平稳特征,将时间作为位置参数的协变量进行非平稳AMS1序列的GEV模拟。结果表明：1）鄱阳湖流域AMS1序列的形状参数基本均大于0,服从Fréchet分布;位置和尺度参数的空间分布较一致,形状参数则有差异。2）在较高重现期下由轮廓似然方法估计的置信区间比Delta方法更准确;重现水平的轮廓似然函数曲线在较高重现期之下呈较显著不对称性。3）不同重现期下的鄱阳湖流域极值降水等值线图的空间分布特征,与位置和尺度参数的分布图更为接近,与形状参数的差别则较大。4）基于非平稳GEV模型得到赣县站随时间变化的极值降水设计值,其在1951年的100 a一遇设计值到2010年下降为接近50 a一遇,预示着未来发生极值降水和洪灾的风险加大。     

荸荠对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用研究

采取植物种植水培养、植物浸提液培养及植物共培养3种培养方式研究了荸荠对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果发现:荸荠植株种植水、荸荠浸提液以及荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养均对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生了化感抑制作用.100%浓度的荸荠浸提液对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制率达到91.40%,而荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养时对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率为86.83%.这两者之间的差异并不显著,直接验证了荸荠能够通过不断地向水体中释放化感物质来长久、有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长.