土壤污染防治先行区建设进展、问题与对策

土壤污染防治先行区建设是国家《土壤污染防治行动计划》确定的重要任务之一,承担着"出模式、出经验、出效果"的重要使命和责任。文章分析了全国6个土壤污染防治先行区的建设进展、存在的主要问题,结合《关于加强土壤污染综合防治先行区建设的指导意见》(环土壤〔2017〕165号)要求,提出了加快建设先行区建设步伐、确保如期实现目标指标的相关建议,为各地加快土壤污染防治环境管理提供参考。     

Associations between co-exposure to multiple metals and renal function: a cross-sectional study in Guangxi,China

The association between co-exposure to multiple metals and renal function is poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the individual and joint effects of metal exposure on renal function in this study. We performed a cross-sectional study including 5828 participants in Guangxi, China, in 2019. Urine concentrations of 17 metals were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were applied to investigate the association of individual metal exposure with renal dysfunction. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess the co-exposure effects of the metals. Participants with the highest quartile of urinary Cu were at 1.84-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20–2.87) increased risk of renal dysfunction compared with the lowest quartile. The highest quartiles of urinary Sr, Cs, V, Ba, and Se were associated with 0.27-fold (95% CI: 0.17–0.43), 0.33 (95% CI: 0.19–0.53), 0.41 (95% CI: 0.25–0.65), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.36–0.90), and 0.33 (95% CI: 0.19–0.56) decreased risk of renal dysfunction compared with their lowest quartile, respectively. Furthermore, urinary Ba and Cu were non-linearly correlated with renal dysfunction. The WQS analysis showed that mixed metal exposure was inversely associated with renal dysfunction (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35–0.62), and Sr accounted for the largest weight (52.2%), followed by Cs (32.3%) in the association. Moreover, we observed a potential interaction between Cu, Cs, and Ba for renal dysfunction in BKMR model. Exposure to Se, Sr, Cs, V, and Ba is associated with decreased risk of renal dysfunction, whereas an increased risk is associated with Cu exposure. Co-exposure to these metals is negatively associated with renal dysfunction, and Sr and Cs are the main contributors to the associations.

     

Numerical simulation and optimization study of surface pressure and flow field around a triangular prism behind a porous fence

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - The flow structure around upright porous fences and a triangular prism was numerically investigated by using the RNG k-ε turbulence model. The numerical method...     

A simulator study of driving behavior and mental workload in mixed-use arterial road environments

Objectives: Mixed-use urban environments, such as arterial roads with adjacent commercial land uses, represent crash locations with the highest risk. These locations are often characterized by high volumes of motor vehicle traffic, on-street parking, and interactions with multiple road user groups such as pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation. The objective of this study was to investigate previously identified crash risk factors for mixed-use urban environments and assess how parking occupancy, center medians, and cyclist volume influence performance and workload in a driving simulator study.

Methods: Thirty participants were recruited for the study. Participants completed 6 drives that presented different combinations of cyclist volume, median condition, and parking occupancy. Incorporated into the simulator drives was a secondary peripheral detection task (PDT) designed to measure mental workload. Participants provided subjective assessments of workload using the Rating Scale Mental Effort (RSME).

Results: Mean lateral lane position was found to significantly vary across the 3 independent variables of parking occupancy, cyclist volume, and median conditions. No significant changes were identified for mean speed across the conditions. Subjective and objective measures of workload identified changes due to the presence of cyclists with slower reaction times for the PDT task when cyclists were present.

Conclusion: The findings provide insight into the interaction of road design elements in mixed-use urban road environments and demonstrate that increasingly complex environments increase driver demand. This has important road design implications for mixed-use arterial roads, which are often characterized by complex interactions between multiple road user groups.     

区域差异下农业用水效率对农业用水量的影响

基于全国30个省份1998~2015年面板数据,采用Super-SBM模型测算农业用水效率,并在观察农业用水量、农业用水效率动静态演进特征的基础上,利用门槛面板回归模型探究农业用水效率对农业用水量的影响。结果表明,全国农业用水量和农业用水效率均呈阶段性下降。农业用水效率对降低农业用水量具有显著的门槛效应,提高农业用水效率是降低农业用水量的有效途径;东部农业用水效率促进农业用水量下降,但须警惕"回弹效应";中部农业用水效率抑制农业用水量增长,且作用逐渐增强;西部农业用水效率提高能够快速降低农业用水量,但作用逐渐减弱。另外,提升农民受教育水平、增加绿水足迹、扩大农业劳动人口能够降低农业用水量,而丰富的水资源禀赋促进农业用水量增加。     

土地质量对农业劳动生产率的影响——来自六省县级数据的经验证据

本文利用国土资源部农用地分等定级与估价项目的土地自然质量指数数据,结合2004年的县级统计数据,建立改造的C-D生产函数,通过多元回归分析定量考察了土地质量对农业劳动生产率的影响。最终得到如下研究结果:对所用的县,土地质量指数每增加1%,农业劳动生产率增加0.336%;分地区的结果显示,土地质量和化肥投入在东部地区为替代关系,在西部地区为互补关系。研究结论:土地质量在很大程度上影响着农业劳动生产率,应加强对土地质量的保护和改善。