扬尘的污染特性及防治措施的研究

针对城市空气中颗粒物污染来源分析,确定扬尘是造成空气中颗粒物污染的主要污染物和首要污染因子.通过调查、研究有关扬尘的来源、物化性质、产生规律及危害性,从法律、管理、技术、经济等方面提出扬尘综合防治措施,并针对不同来源的扬尘提出具体的防治措施.     

一株内生真菌单独及与水稻联合降解菲的研究

对一株植物内生真菌拟茎点霉(编号B3)单独降解菲的条件及与水稻联合降解菲进行了研究.结果表明,乳糖和蛋白胨浓度均为10g/L、愈创木酚作为诱导物时,B3菌株10d内对初始浓度为100mg/L菲降解率达52.54%.该菌对菲的降解与菌丝生物量、胞外木质素降解酶类无明显关系,其分泌的漆酶作用底物表现出一定的特殊性.B3菌株与其共生植物水稻联合培养有利于对菲的降解,30d后菲残留浓度仅为无菌对照组的8.40%.水稻感染内生真菌B3后对菲胁迫表现出一定的缓解作用.     

On eco-planning for an eco-demonstration park (EDP) and sustainability

The background, concept, connotation, principles, and methods of eco-planning for an Eco-Demonstration Park (EDP) and sustainability were examined based on a case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China, which is an important part of Shanghai Eco-city planning and construction in the 21st century. By analyzing natural, social and economic conditions, calculating population using the land capacity eco-model, eco-function zoning, and eco-construction, an innovative eco-industrial structure and technical chain were formulated. A comprehensive eco-planning scheme for the EDP was proposed, including planning and management strategies for subsystems of efficient industry, good quality human settlement, high standard eco-construction and eco-tourism as well as effective environmental protection and attractive landscape. The EDP should be an area with coordinated and sustainable economic, social and environmental subsystems. Eco-planning for the EDP should be a very important part of eco-city planning and sustainability. The paper aims to set up a theoretical framework and practical basis for eco-planning and promoting harmony between human and nature.     

利用马尔柯夫过程预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的变化

以我国北方典型草原模式地段之一的锡林河流域草原为研究对象,根据研究区两个时期遥感影像解译的植被类型图衍生出草原植被退化图。在对草原退化图统一网格化后,计算各网格草原退化指数,并加以分级,确定不同草原退化等级之间转移概率,并应用马尔柯夫模型预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的演变趋势。结果表明:如果不采取防止草地退化的根本性措施,草原退化态势还将继续下去。以每个网格草原退化指数值为各网格草原退化状况划分依据,以3km×3km网格为统计单元,在流域总面积为10701km₂情况下,预测结果是:2005年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格总面积是3776km₂,占流域总面积的35.29%;4、5级网格面积之和为5427km₂,达到流域总面积的50.71%。2025年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格面积总和是3389km₂,占流域总面积的31.67%;4、5级网格面积之和为6406km₂,达到流域总面积的59.86%。     

紫外线对再生水中斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果

再生水具有就近易得、水量大且稳定等突出优点,已成为景观水体的重要补给水源。但再生水中含有氮、磷等营养物质,景观回用过程中可能会加剧藻类水华爆发风险。在藻类生长的早期阶段,采用紫外线处理有可能将再生水中藻类生物量控制在低风险范围,从而预防再生水景观回用水体中发生水华。以深圳市某污水处理厂二级出水为再生水回用景观水体的典型样品,考察了紫外线（254 nm波段）对典型微藻斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果,采用流式细胞术、调制荧光技术等方法,研究了不同紫外剂量对斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果,以及对藻细胞膜完整性和光合活性的影响。结果表明:对于初始密度约为7×104个/mL的斜生栅藻,50~100 mJ/cm2的紫外线能够取得1~5 d的生长抑制期,150~200 mJ/cm2剂量能将生长抑制期延长至10 d。紫外线能迅速引起斜生栅藻光合活性下降并能逐渐引起部分藻细胞破裂,100~200 mJ/cm2剂量处理后10 d内膜损伤细胞比例达到16%~71%。可见,紫外线能够对再生水中的斜生栅藻取得显著的生长抑制效果,是具有应用前景的景观水体水华风险防控手段。     

Effects of Metsulfuron-Methyl on the Microbial Population and Enzyme Activities in Wheat Rhizosphere Soil

The effects of metsulfuron-methyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide, on the wheat soil microorganisms were evaluated by the methods of microbial inoculation culture, and the activities of three enzymes were measured using the colorimetric method. The tolerant microorganisms that can resist 500 μ g·g^?1 metsulfuron-methyl in the counting culture medium were studied specially. Metsulfuron-methyl distinctly inhibited the common aerobic heterotriphic bacteria, but the effects on common fungi and common actinomycete were not evident. In the meantime, the number of tolerant fungi increased greatly in the rhizosphere after the application of metsulfuron-methyl in contrast to the significant decrease of the amount of tolerant actinomycete. It indicates that fungi might turn into the dominant microbial type and actinomycete is the sensitive factor in the soil polluted by sulfonylurea residues. The population of aromatic compounds–decomposing bacteria, aerobic azotobacter, and nitrite bacteria all increased in the earlier period, but the aerobic azotobacter decreased rapidly in number 30 days later, and the amount of nitrite bacteria also showed a temporary decrease with time 15 days later. However, the denitrifying bacteria just began to increase significantly after the crops had grown for 50 days. The amount of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria gradually decreased with the growth of crops, and so were the sulfate-reducing bacteria after metsulfuron-methyl application. To all types of microorganisms, there were more microbes in rhizosphere samples than those in nonrhizosphere except aerobic azotobacter. It means the growth of wheat root system can stimulate the growth of most microorganisms. The activities of hydrogen peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in soil samples after metsulfuron-methyl application were notably lower than those in the control, and the difference of the activities between the samples of rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere was evident. On the contrary, the activity of dehydrogenase was not inhibited by the application of metsulfuron-methyl, and the rhizosphere effect was not obvious either.     

“绿水青山就是金山银山”

正十八大以来,习近平总书记立足中国发展实际,提出绿水青山就是金山银山(以下简称"两山"论),把环境、生态纳入了"生产力"范畴,破解了发展中环境、生态与生产力的关系这一难题。"两山"论是马克思主义中国化的最新成果,标志着我们党在如何建设社会主义,建设一个什么样的社会主义这一重大理论问题上认识更加明确和清醒。"两山"论既是实现生态文明建设的理论指导,也是转变经济增长方式的方向指引,更是经济社会可持续发展的实施纲领。     

中国区域反应性气体排放源清单

反应性气体是形成气溶胶及酸雨、光化学烟雾等环境问题的重要前体物,采用政府部门公布的基础数据(包括社会－经济数据、化石燃料和生物质燃料消耗、废物处理数据等,绝大部分为县级水平)及一些较新的、中国特有的排放因子,计算了中国大陆2007年高时空分辨率的关键反应性气体SO2、NOx、CO、NH3、VOCs的排放源清单.计算出的全国和各地区的排放量使用了0.5°×0.5°的网格来显示,结果表明,各反应性气体的估算年排放量分别为:SO2 3158.4万t,主要是燃煤所致;NOx、CO分别为2492.6,15785.2万t,均主要来源于燃煤和生物质燃烧;NH3 1601.7万t,主要源于动物排放和农田化肥的使用;VOCs 3709.8万t,主要源于溶剂挥发、废物处理、交通源等.本研究计算的排放结果比以前的清单稍高,主要是由于部分排放量以前被低估了;东部地区的排放量比西部高.反应性气体的排放具有较强的季节性,主要是由于自然因素及居民采暖、农业秸秆的露天焚烧的季节性等所致.     

现浇X型混凝土桩的荷载传递机理初探

现浇X型混凝土桩技术是河海大学开发研制的用于地基加固处理的一项新技术。在模型试验的基础上,通过有限元方法研究了现浇X型混凝土桩的荷载传递机理,并与模型槽试验结果进行了对比,分析中考虑了桩和土之间的接触和土的非线性。通过数值分析,揭示了X型桩的截面形式对侧摩阻力分布、端阻力发挥的影响。计算结果表明,由于桩的泊松比效应,X型桩截面周边不同位置的侧阻力大小有所不同;X型桩中出现了类似于H型桩的"半封闭土塞",与圆截面桩相比,桩端附近的侧摩阻力有较明显的增加;X型桩的桩端承载力系数要小于圆截面桩的情况,体现了X型桩截面形状的影响。     

社会主义新农村建设与农村生态环境问题

社会主义新农村建设是我们党在新时期着手解决“三农”问题的重大举措，它是我国农村改革开放以来第二次重大的变革，目标明确，任务艰巨。长期以来，我国农业生产总体水平不高，为求得更多的农牧业生产量，而牺牲了生态环境，其代价异常沉重。城镇发展过渡靠农业、城乡经济二元结构矛盾日益尖锐，反应在生态环境上更为突出。治理农业生态环境问题，已成为社会主义新农村建设的重要课题。