基于数据库的污染场地流程管理初步设计

污染场地是工业化发展的产物,中国的污染场地修复与管理尚处于起始阶段,如何实现国家层面对污染场地的有效监管是一个重要课题。在国家污染场地信息管理数据库框架基础上,提出了以流程管理(BPM)架构技术和业务流程引擎技术为基础构建支持跨平台和跨系统的数据采集、处理和分析的BPM运行平台,设定了污染场地管理的主要机构和相应主要角色,还设计了污染场地资料入库和分类评估的管理流程,以期为中国污染场地的计算机化和网络化监管平台建设提供参考和借鉴。     

改性膨润土作为垃圾渗透液防渗层的实验研究

本文以天然钠基膨润土为原料,采用水溶液聚合法,在室温条件下,通过改性聚丙烯酰胺对膨润土进行直接插层改性,制备了一种新型聚丙烯酰胺改性膨润土防渗材料。以此防渗材料作为防渗层,选用沈阳大辛填埋场的垃圾渗透液为处理对象,在动态实验下,就其对实际垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物去除的有效性和控制垃圾渗滤液渗透的可行性进行研究。抗渗性能测试结果表明,改性膨润土防渗性能较好,渗透系数为1．0×10^-7cm/s,达到固体废物填埋场的防渗材料国家标准1．0×10^-7cm／s的使用要求。改性膨润土防渗层对COD、氨氮、重金属离子去除效果较好,吸附作用较强,COD和氨氮最大去除率分别达到81％和91％,TFe、Zn^2＋和TCr的最大去除率分别达到71％、58％和73％。实验结果验证了本研究所制备的改性膨润土防渗材料具有优良的抗渗、截污性能。     

美国某给水厂处理工艺及净水效果

介绍了美国某给水厂的臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺、主要构筑物、设计参数和运行效果。实验结果表明:原水中TSS、BOD5、COD、UV254和浊度平均值分别为18.25 mg/L、5 mg/L、7.34 mg/L、0.08和17.38 NTU,经过系统处理后的出水指标分别为1.33 mg/L、2 mg/L、0 mg/L、0.01和0.86 NTU,相应的平均去除率分别为88%、60%、100%、88%和81%。净水效果明显,五项常规指标均满足我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)使用要求,这种深度处理技术及设计思路值得国内给水处理行业参考借鉴。     

超声前处理强化活性炭吸附活性艳红X-3B染料废水

探究了超声前处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水强化活性炭吸附降解性能及不同超声参数的影响规律,包括超声功率和超声时间。研究结果表明,超声前处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水可通过空化效应使有机大分子裂解为小分子易于被活性炭吸附,同时可强化其到活性炭微孔中传输,提高了活性炭吸附降解性能,最佳超声功率为320 W。浓度越高,所需超声时间越长,当超声达到一定时间后,继续超声不会影响染料分子的吸附。超声前处理虽然不会改变吸附平衡时间,但可有效增加活性炭处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水的饱和吸附量。     

响应面优化CCl4增强超声降解左旋氧氟沙星模拟废水

利用响应面优化实验设计方法对CCl₄增强超声降解左旋氧氟沙星模拟废水的影响因素进行探讨和分析,考察了溶液初始pH值、超声功率、左旋氧氟沙星初始浓度的影响。应用Box-Behnken中心组合设计得到一个二次多项式数学模型,确定了US/CCl₄降解左旋氧氟沙星的优化条件:初始pH值6.8,超声功率189 W,左旋氧氟沙星初始浓度为5 mg/L时,左旋氧氟沙星的去除率达到最大(82.99%)。经实验验证, 实际值与模型预测值吻合性良好,偏差仅为0.036%。     

零价铁类Fenton试剂氧化降解废水中有机污染物的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应降解废水中有机污染物的研究现状,介绍了Fe0-H2O2体系、紫外光-Fe0-H2O2体系和可见光-Fe0-H2O2体系处理有机污染物的机理、特点和效果,并对未来Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应体系处理有机污染物的发展前景进行了展望。     

碱式硫酸铝溶液中SO42-的测定

建立了以铬黑T为指示剂,乙二胺四乙酸二钠反滴定过量BaCl₂的碱式硫酸铝溶液中SO₄^2-的测定方法。实验确定的操作条件为：待测试样稀释后ρ（SO_4^2-）为0.025 ~0.100 g/L,BaCl₂过量率为25%~100%,并且在加入BaCl₂前将试样煮沸,三乙醇胺加入量为0.10 L/L。该法回收率在98.90%~100.72%,相对标准偏差小于1%。测定方法准确,可靠,且操作简便、快速。     

Biodegradation and bio-sorption of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using immobilized cell process

In the present study, the removal mechanisms of four antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, and trimethoprim) and four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen) in immobilized cell process were investigated using batch reactors. This work principally explores the individual or collective roles of biodegradation and bio-sorption as removal routes of the target pharmaceuticals and the results were validated by various experimental and analytical tools. Biodegradation and bio-sorption were found as dominant mechanisms for the drug removal, while volatilization and hydrolysis were negligible for all target pharmaceuticals. The target pharmaceuticals responded to the two observed removal mechanisms in different ways, typically: (1) strong biodegradability and bio-sorption by acetaminophen, (2) strong biodegradability and weak bio-sorption by sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, ibuprofen and naproxen, (3) low biodegradability and weak bio-sorption by sulfamethazine and ketoprofen, and (4) low biodegradability and medium bio-sorption by trimethoprim. In the sorption/desorption experiment, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine were characterized by strong sorption and weak desorption. A phenomenon of moderate sorption and well desorption was observed for sulfamethazine, trimethoprim and naproxen. Both ibuprofen and ketoprofen were weakly sorbed and strongly desorbed.     

Removal of Rhodamine B under visible irradiation in the presence of Fe⁰, H₂O₂, citrate and aeration at circumneutral pH

A new Vis-Fe⁰-H₂O₂-citrate-O₂ system comprising zero-valent iron, hydrogen peroxide, citrate anion and aeration at circumneutral pH under visible irradiation was studied. 21 μmol L⁻¹ of Rhodamine B (RhB) was chosen as the substrate to be tested. Experiments were conducted under conditions of 2.9 mmol L⁻¹ of H₂O₂, 12.6 g of Fe⁰ and 1.0 mmol L⁻¹ of citrate at pH 7.5. Results showed that, in 1 h reaction, 54% of RhB was removed with corresponding 26% of COD reduced. Meanwhile, the amount of released dissolved irons from Fe⁰ surface was found to be at a very low level as <5.4 μmol L⁻¹. Extinguishing tests with isopropanol suggested that RhB oxidation by hydroxyl radicals was the main process taken place in Vis-Fe⁰-H₂O₂-citrate-O₂ system, which accounted for 75% of substrate removal in 3 h reaction. Control and factor influencing experiments showed that the prohibitive extents of individual factor importance on RhB removal followed a decreasing order of Fe⁰ > H₂O₂ > citrate > Vis > O₂. This study showed an excellent system that could remove refractory organic compounds from water in laboratory researches, and also provided a good idea to reduce secondary contamination by dissolved irons in future investigations.     

极化区功能识别与评价指标研究

城市密集化地区中具有国家战略和拥有重要国际竞争力功能的区域被称之为极化区。在经济全球化、国家之间经济合作与竞争越来越加剧的背景下,各国都把加强极化区建设作为提高本国国际竞争力的重要途径。首先,介绍并评述了德国评价极化区功能的指标体系,包括决策和控制功能、创新和竞争力功能,以及门户功能;其次,针对我国发展阶段和特色,构建了识别我国极化区功能的指标体系;并以极化区理论为指导,分别对长江三角洲、珠江三角洲和京津冀区域规划的功能定位进行比较和评述。当前,为提高我国城市化水平、区域协调发展能力与国际竞争力,国务院批准了多个具有国家战略意义的区域规划,是从我国东中西和各省之间经济协调发展或作为新经济增长点、生态保护与建设的角度有国家意义的区域。通过比照极化区的功能含义,认为其中有的战略区功能定位与极化区的功能相一致,有的可作为新极化区培育,有可能发展为具有较强国际竞争力的极化区,这两种是今后我国极化区研究的主要区域