活性炭吸附和两级Fenton氧化组合工艺处理高盐对氨基苯酚生产废水

采用活性炭吸附和两级Fenton氧化组合工艺对高盐度对氨基苯酚生产废水进行了处理实验研究。结果表明,pH值对活性炭去除有机物的影响较小。当活性炭投加量为4 g/L时,TOC去除率61%。分级加药可以有效提高Fenton氧化对有机物的去除效率。在温度为25℃、pH为3、30% H2O2投加量为3%(V/V)、Fe2+/H2O2摩尔比为0.05时,两级Fenton氧化处理后,出水TOC降至150 mg/L以下。此外,Fenton氧化后形成氢氧化铁污泥颗粒粒径为4.5 μm,经过聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)絮凝之后,污泥的粒径明显增加,过滤特性改善。PAM絮凝效果依赖于溶液的pH值,当pH超过10后会失去作用,故在使用过程中需要严格控制溶液的pH值。     

人工生物蓄水过滤系统对雨水的滞留与过滤功效

通过人工构建3个不同沙土配比的生物蓄水过滤系统,对人工系统滞留雨水时间和净化雨水的功效进行了研究。首先,根据自然降雨特点将雨水地表径流按照不同水量与进水时间引入系统,然后测定系统出水水量、时间、水质以及土壤湿度,比较植物层和整个系统滞留雨水径流的效果以及系统过滤雨水的功效。结果表明,(1)人工生物蓄水过滤系统有显著的滞留雨水的作用。其中植物层滞留雨水时间4.72~11.50 h,整个系统滞留雨水时间为5.17~13.80 h,人工系统比植物层滞留雨水时间显著延长,且进水量越大,差异越显著。(2)系统出水流速平缓,蒸发与植物蒸腾耗水量比例低于6%;壤土含量越高,滞留雨水时间越长。(3)经系统过滤,系统出水酸碱度平均增加0.81,氨氮含量平均降低0.42 mg/L。     

PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的制备及其耐污染性能

首先将聚乙二醇单甲基甲醚酯(PEGMA)接枝到聚醚砜(PES)上得到PES-g-PEGMA,然后利用溶液共混的方法,将聚氯乙烯(PVC)与PES-g-PEGMA共混,通过溶剂-非溶剂扩散诱导相分离法(NIPS)制备PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜。在此基础上对PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的断面和表面微观结构、水通量、 截留率、机械性能及耐污染等性能进行测试,并采用接触角,含水率(EWC),X 射线光电子能谱仪(XPS) 来表征PES-g-PEGMA 的质量百分含量对 PVC/PES-g-PEGMA 共混膜亲水性的影响。结果表明,PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜水通量,亲水性较纯PVC有很大程度的提高。耐污染性实验表明,随着PES-g-PEGMA的增加,耐污染性逐渐增强。实验结果同时也表明,该共混体系最佳共混比为7:3。     

页岩对污泥氨气挥发的抑制作用

氨气是城市污水污泥产生的恶臭气体之一,控制或抑制其产生是资源化利用甚至处置过程中至关重要的.通过改进氨气测量方法定量分析外掺页岩对污泥氨气挥发的抑制作用和机理,实验研究了页岩掺量、陈放形式以及环境温度对污泥氨气挥发浓度的影响.结果表明,外掺页岩对污泥氨气挥发具有明显的抑制作用,随温度升高、陈放时间延长抑制效果有所减弱但仍具有明显作用;页岩对污泥氨气挥发的抑制作用主要为对氨气的吸附作用.     

Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County,China)

Chemical compositions of soil samples are multivariate in nature and provide datasets suitable for the application of multivariate factor analytical techniques. One of the analytical techniques, the positive matrix factorization (PMF), uses a weighted least square by fitting the data matrix to determine the weights of the sources based on the error estimates of each data point. In this research, PMF was employed to apportion the sources of heavy metals in 104 soil samples taken within a 1-km radius of a lead battery plant contaminated site in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. The site is heavily contaminated with high concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). PMF successfully partitioned the variances into sources related to soil background, agronomic practices, and the lead battery plants combined with a geostatistical approach. It was estimated that the lead battery plants and the agronomic practices contributed 55.37 and 29.28 %, respectively, for soil Pb of the total source. Soil Cd mainly came from the lead battery plants (65.92 %), followed by the agronomic practices (21.65 %), and soil parent materials (12.43 %). This research indicates that PMF combined with geostatistics is a useful tool for source identification and apportionment.     

基于CBRM的轨道交通行车调度岗位风险控制分析

为提升轨道交通运营风险管理水平,本文采用Bowtie方法和基于控制的风险管理(CBRM)理念,构建行车调度岗位"运营异常"Bowtie图,设计轨道交通CBRM分析方法并对"运营异常"屏障进行分析.结果表明:所设计的CBRM分析方法在轨道交通运营中具有可行性和适用性,其应用可从屏障/控制的有效性、可靠性和问责性为岗位风险管理提供针对性改进建议.     

惰性气体对氢氧爆轰特性的影响规律

为了减小氢氧爆轰激波管产生的高温高压高速膨胀气流对反应室的侵蚀作用,提高激波管安全性,更好地利用爆轰驱动能力,需要对反应室内流场进行优化设计.借助Fluent软件,基于压力基PISO算法和标准K-ε湍流模型,采用氢氧19步基元反应模型和Peng-Robinson真实气体状态方程,对中高压条件下反应室内氢氧爆轰的形成与发展过程进行了数值模拟,研究了反应室内惰性气体组分及配比、初压等因素对流场特性的影响.结果表明:不同的惰性气体对爆轰参数有不同的影响;在0.2 MPa,298 K初始条件下,混合气体内增加氮气的体积分数可以降低爆温,氩气有助于降低爆速,而氦气会提高爆压和爆速;高含量的氩气和氦气可以使氢氧正常爆轰,但氮气体积分数达到62.5％时较难爆轰,在70％时氢氧爆轰过程无法形成.在0.1～1 MPa范围内,对2H2∶O2∶7Ar混合气体,爆轰压力与初压成正比例关系.在298～373 K范围内,保持2H2∶O2∶5N2混合气体初压为0.2 MPa,初温增加至323 K时,化学反应速率加快使爆压和爆温升高,之后提高初温,单位体积反应物浓度下降使爆压和爆温下降.     

考虑碳税政策的物流企业低碳行为演化研究

为探寻物流企业在碳税政策下低碳行为的演化路径,构建以政府与物流企业为主体的演化博弈动态模型,得到6种情形下演化系统的3种稳定状态与1种不稳定状态,并得出博弈系统内演化路径与影响系统达到理想状态的多重因素.通过数值仿真验证结论并分析碳税税率的调整在不同情形下对系统演化的影响.研究表明,当政府主动监管成本较低且合理制定碳税税率,并对物流企业的非低碳行为处以高额罚款时,无论物流企业创新低碳技术的成本是多少,博弈系统最终都能达到最优状态;碳税税率是加速物流企业低碳转型的有效手段,在物流企业收敛于低碳策略的系统稳定状态中加快其向低碳策略演化的速度;仅依靠碳税无法维持物流企业保持低碳行为,博弈系统理想状态由多重因素影响,碳税税率同样在物流企业收敛于非低碳策略的系统稳定状态中加快其向非低碳策略演化的速度.     

Driving anger among motor vehicle drivers in China: A cross-sectional survey

Objective: Driving anger is a common emotion while driving and has been associated with traffic crashes. This study aimed to investigate situations that increase driving anger among Chinese drivers.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3,101 drivers in southern China. The translated version of the 33-item Driving Anger Scale (DAS) was used to measure driving anger. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews between June 2016 and September 2016.

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit of the original 6-factor model (discourtesy, traffic obstacles, hostile gestures, slow driving, illegal driving, and police presence) was satisfactory, after removing 2 items and allowing 5 error pairs to covary. The model showed satisfactory fit: goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.90, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.90, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06, 90% confidence interval (CI) = 0.061–0.064. Driving anger among Chinese drivers was lower than that in some Western countries. Compared to older and experienced drivers, younger and new drivers were more likely to report driving anger. There was no difference in total reported driving anger between males and females. Additionally, the higher the driver’s anger level was, the more likely he or she was to have had a traffic crash.

Conclusion: Driving anger is a common emotion among Chinese drivers and has a strong correlation with aggressive driving behavior and traffic crashes.