Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.     

松花江流域冰封期水体中多环芳烃的污染特征研究

在松花江流域的3个主要江段：嫩江、第二松花江和松花江干流,于2010年冰封期采集了21个水体样品,分析了多环芳烃的污染特征.结果表明,15种PAHs的浓度范围为23.4～85.1 ng·L-1,平均浓度为（50.3±17）ng·L-1,与我国其它地区地表水中PAHs的污染程度相当.松花江流域水体中PAHs具有明显的空间分布特征,城市下游浓度高于上游,说明沿岸城市的污水排放可能是松花江水体中PAHs的主要污染源,主成分分析表明,PAHs的主要来源是化石燃料的燃烧源.商值法生态风险评价结果显示,相对分子质量高的PAHs造成的生态风险可以忽略,相对分子质量低的PAHs对松花江水体会造成一定的危害.     

温度和停留时间对DDT污染土壤热脱附效果的影响

采用热处理方法分别对自配DDT及其衍生物(DDTs,包括p,p'-DDT、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDE)污染土壤在5个温度(100,200,300,400,500℃),6个停留时间(5,10,20,30,40,50 min)下的DDTs去除率及热处理前后的DDTs残留浓度变化进行了研究。研究结果表明:热脱附对DDTs污染土壤修复效果显著。当温度达到300℃以上时,热脱附技术的优势开始显现。300℃下40 min时的DDTs去除率与400℃及500℃处理10 min时相当,均能达到97%以上。对热处理前后土壤中DDTs的残留浓度进行检测,结果表明:土壤中的主要污染成分p,p'-DDT在200℃以上时大量减少,主要转化为p,p'-DDE。p,p'-DDE在200～300℃时大量生成,400～500℃被去除。根据能耗分析结果得出较佳热处理条件为400℃,10 min。     

可再生胺法用于烟道气脱硫吸收解吸一体化的研究

以乙二胺-磷酸为吸收脱硫剂,用自制填料塔作为气液相传质设备,对烟道气中的SO2气体进行脱除和再生实验,通过间歇实验和全连续两种操作工艺,研究了一系列单因素实验,考察了乙二胺浓度、液气比、吸收液初始pH、解吸塔底是否通空气以及温度等对实验吸收率和解吸率的影响,最后得到最佳的工艺操作条件:解吸时塔底通空气,乙二胺浓度0.3～0.4 mol/L,吸收液初始pH=7.3～8.0,液气比L/G=1.0,解吸温度为100℃。     

不同温度下微生物和纤维素酶对发酵猪粪理化特性的影响

采用恒温发酵培养试验,研究了5℃和25℃时分别接种纤维素酶(X)、枯草芽孢杆菌(K)和EM菌(E)及其组合对新鲜猪粪发酵中的全氮、铵态氮、有机质、p H及微生物数量的影响.结果表明,5℃条件下,猪粪中微生物生长受抑制,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均明显低于25℃,发酵终期猪粪有机质含量为70%~83%,p H值为7.16~7.36;25℃条件时,发酵终期猪粪有机质含量降至61%~72%,p H值升至8.09~8.94.与对照相比较,25℃下添加微生物和纤维素酶的处理有机质含量降低了2.95%~7.70%(除了K和XE处理),C/N值降低了4.04%~37.59%(除了XK处理),p H值增加了1.7%~26.8%.在总的添加量一致的条件下,发酵剂组合KE、XE、XK、XKE对猪粪发酵的效果优于单一发酵剂的X、K、E处理.     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.     

Inhibitory effects of nisin-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube sheet on biofilm formation from Bacillus anthracis spores

Multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT） sheet was fabricated from a drawable MWCNT forest and then deposited on poly（methyl methacrylate） film. The film was further coated with a natural antimicrobial peptide nisin. We studied the effects of nisin coating on the attachment of Bacillus anthracis spores, the germination of attached spores, and the subsequent biofilm formation from attached spores. It was found that the strong adsorptivity and the super hydrophobicity of MWCNTs provided an ideal platform for nisin coating. Nisin coating on MWCNT sheets decreased surface hydrophobicity, reduced spore attachment, and reduced the germination of attached spores by 3.5 fold, and further inhibited the subsequent biofilm formation by 94.6% compared to that on uncoated MWCNT sheet. Nisin also changed the morphology of vegetative cells in the formed biofilm.The results of this study demonstrated that the anti-adhesion and antimicrobial effect of nisin in combination with the physical properties of carbon nanotubes had the potential in producing effective anti-biofilm formation surfaces.     

明矾石在水体微藻去除中的应用研究

以温州市某大学校区内富营养化水体为研究对象,采用本地明矾石对含藻水体进行混凝除藻、除浊实验研究,分别进行投加量、搅拌强度、搅拌时间、静置时间及pH值对微藻去除效率的影响研究,以获得处理工艺的最佳条件,为恢复河流水体生态自净功能提供理论基础.试验中对投加明矾石前后,水体中浊度、总磷、氨氮和总氮进行了测定,结果表明：明矾石最佳投加量为0.35 g/L,最佳搅拌方式为200 rpm搅拌4 min;最佳静置时间为25 min;在碱性或中性水体的处理效果尤佳.     

硫黄联合装置停工密闭吹扫的实现

介绍了中国石化济南分公司硫黄回收联合装置安全环保停工的过程,在硫黄回收联合装置停工前,研究讨论各装置停工密闭吹扫的流程及方法,并确定各装置停工吹扫的顺序、注意事项和前期准备工作。在各装置停工吹扫过程中,严格按照停工方案,采取了分装置吹扫,该装置吹扫完毕后立即加盲板隔离,最后放火炬公用系统采取倒吹扫,实现了装置停工密闭吹扫,达到了各装置停工酸性气系统吹扫不放火炬的要求。