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531.
一体化生活污水处理构筑物的设计思路与实践 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据生活水一体化处理设备的原理及构思,将通用设备替代为组合的一体化构筑物形式,应用于生活污水处理中,取得了良好的经济效果和较优的技术稳定性,达到了水处理单元优化设计的目的。 相似文献
532.
奎屯市城市污水的处理现阶段采用一级处理后接生物稳定塘的处理工艺是较为适宜的,但要注意做好污水及处理水的排放监测,加强排水管理,今后要逐步完善为规范的二级处理工艺。对污水处理要制定切实可行的水污染防治规划,不拘泥于现有的排水方案和污水处理厂选址,在污水厂下游建设规范的污水库作为处理水资源化利用的必要措施。我区多数城市水污染防治路线与奎屯市有着相似性,对各城市污水处理方式及利用途径可采用此方法进行深入细致的研究论证,为未来城市污水的有效处理及无害化、资源化利用打下基础。 相似文献
533.
水质总氮、总磷在线自动分析仪的发展现状 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对水质总氮和总磷在线自动分析仪的方法原理,主要类型,主要技术特点以及主要仪器型号等发展现状进行了评述。 相似文献
534.
浅谈TOC与CODCr的关系 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
介绍了TOC和CODCr的含义,比较了TOC与CODCr测定方法、使用仪器的不同和各自的优缺点,并从理论上和实际水样测定中论述了TOC和CODCr的相关性。对于不同的废水,TOC 与CODCr的相关性不一样,必须先实验求出二者之间的关系。 相似文献
535.
Zhang Y Chen Z Zhu B Luo X Guan Y Guo S Nie Y 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,147(1-3):327-337
The objective of this study is to develop techniques for assessing and analysing land desertification in Yulin of Northwest China, as a typical monitoring region through the use of remotely sensed data and geographic information systems (GIS). The methodology included the use of Landsat TM data from 1987, 1996 and 2006, supplemented by aerial photos in 1960, topographic maps, field work and use of other existing data. From this, land cover, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), farmland, woodland and grassland maps at 1:100,000 were prepared for land desertification monitoring in the area. In the study, all data was entered into a GIS using ILWIS software to perform land desertification monitoring. The results indicate that land desertification in the area has been developing rapidly during the past 40 years. Although land desertification has to some extent been controlled in the area by planting grasses and trees, the issue of land desertification is still serious. The study also demonstrates an example of why the integration of remote sensing with GIS is critical for the monitoring of environmental changes in arid and semi-arid regions, e.g. in land desertification monitoring in the Yulin pilot area. However, land desertification monitoring using remote sensing and GIS still needs to be continued and also refined for the purpose of long-term monitoring and the management of fragile ecosystems in the area. 相似文献
536.
The Role of Abatement Costs in GHG Permit Allocations: A Global Stabilization Scenario Analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kathleen Vaillancourt Richard Loulou Amit Kanudia 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(2):169-179
Our objective is to propose permit allocation schemes that lead to a fair distribution of the net abatement cost among regions
in a global greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization scenario. We use a detailed technology-based energy model, World-MARKAL, to
determine efficient abatement decisions, and to calculate the regional gross abatement costs (before permit allocation and
trading). The net abatement costs are then calculated and used for different permit allocation schemes. 相似文献
537.
Because of fast urban sprawl, land use competition, and the gap in available funds and needed funds, municipal decision makers
and planners are looking for more cost-effective and sustainable ways to improve their sewer infrastructure systems. The dominant
approaches have turned to planning the sanitary sewer systems within a regional context, while the decentralized and on-site/cluster
wastewater systems have not overcome the application barriers. But regionalization policy confers uncertainties and risks
upon cities while planning for future events. Following the philosophy of smart growth, this paper presents several optimal
expansion schemes for a fast-growing city in the US/Mexico borderlands—the city of Pharr in Texas under uncertainty. The waste
stream generated in Pharr is divided into three distinct sewer sheds within the city limit, including south region, central
region, and north region. The options available include routing the wastewater to a neighboring municipality (i.e., McAllen)
for treatment and reuse, expanding the existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the south sewer shed, and constructing
a new WWTP in the north sewer shed. Traditional deterministic least-cost optimization applied in the first stage can provide
a cost-effective and technology-based decision without respect to associated uncertainties system wide. As the model is primarily
driven by the fees charged for wastewater transfer, sensitivity analysis was emphasized by the inclusion of varying flat-rate
fees for adjustable transfer schemes before contracting process that may support the assessment of fiscal benefits to all
parties involved. Yet uncertainties might arise from wastewater generation, wastewater reuse, and cost increase in constructing
and operating the new wastewater treatment plant simultaneously. When dealing with multiple sources of uncertainty, the grey
mixed integer programming (GIP) model, formulated in the second stage, can further allow all sources of uncertainties to propagate
throughout the optimization context, simultaneously leading to determine a wealth of optimal decisions within a reasonable
range. Both models ran for three 5-year periods beginning in 2005 and ending in 2020. The dynamic outputs of this analysis
reflect the systematic concerns about integrative uncertainties within this decision analysis, which enable decision makers
and stakeholders to make all-inclusive decisions for sanitary sewer system expansion in an economically growing region. 相似文献
538.
Matteo Carpentieri Paolo Giambini Andrea Corti 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(3):415-429
Several wind tunnel experiments of tracer dispersion from reduced-scale landfill models are presented in this paper. Different
experimental set-ups, hot-wire anemometry, particle image velocimetry and tracer concentration measurements were used for
the characterisation of flow and dispersion phenomena nearby the models. The main aim of these experiments is to build an
extensive experimental data set useful for model validation purposes. To demonstrate the potentiality of the experimental
data set, a validation exercise on several mathematical models was performed by means of a statistical technique. The experiments
highlighted an increase in pollutant ground level concentrations immediately downwind from the landfill because of induced
turbulence and mean flow deflection. This phenomenon turns out to be predominant for the dispersion process. Tests with a
different set-up showed an important dependence of the dispersion phenomena from the landfill height and highlighted how complex
orographic conditions downwind of the landfill do not affect significantly the dispersion behaviour. Validation exercises
were useful for model calibration, improving code reliability, as well as evaluating performances. The Van Ulden model proved
to give the most encouraging results. 相似文献
539.
We present a new mathematical programming framework that is adaptable to a variety of spatially explicit landscape problems
in environmental investment, conservation, and land-use planning, transport planning, and agriculture. As part of capturing
spatial interdependencies, the framework considers decision variables at two levels, finely spaced grid cells and landholdings.
We applied the framework to an environmental investment problem using objective functions representing biodiversity and carbon
sequestration. We also tested the model to optimize the path of a road through part of the landscape. Using the Nambucca case
study in eastern Australia, we applied a hybrid greedy randomised adaptive search procedure (GRASP) to find solutions to the
model. 相似文献
540.
Felix Deutsch Jean Vankerkom Liliane Janssen Filip Lefebre Clemens Mensink Frans Fierens Gerwin Dumont Edward Roekens 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(3):431-437
The European Operational Smog (EUROS) integrated air quality modelling system has been extended to model fine particulate
matter (PM). From an extended literature study, the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism and the Model of Aerosol Dynamics,
Reaction, Ionisation and Dissolution were selected and recently coupled to EUROS. Currently, modelling of mass and chemical
composition of aerosols in two size fractions (PM2.5 and PM10–2.5) is possible. The chemical composition is expressed in terms of seven components: ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, elementary
carbon, primary inorganic compounds, primary organic compounds and secondary organic compounds. Calculated PM10 concentrations and chemical composition are presented for two summer months of the year 2003 (1 July to 31 August). 相似文献