钾肥对土壤-辣椒体系中铅生物有效性的影响

在重金属中、轻度污染的土壤土,开展施肥对蔬菜安全生产的研究,对于减少重金属进入食物链、提高农产品的安全性具有重要意义。因此,本研究采用盆栽试验,探讨了不同用量的硫酸钾和氯化钾对辣椒（Capsicum annuum L．）吸收、累积铅的效应及对土壤铅植物有效性的影响。结果表明,硫酸钾能显著促进辣椒生长,降低辣椒根、茎叶及果实中铅含量,土壤有效态铅含量亦随着硫酸钾用量的增加而有所降低;低用量的氯化钾也能促进辣椒的生长,但随着氯化钾用量的增加,辣椒各部分生物量反而降低,其茎叶和果实铅含量也显著增加,而土壤DTPA-Pb含量则没有明显的变化趋势。因此,硫酸钾在控制辣椒吸收重金属铅方面较氯化钾有较好的效果,在类似铅污染农田中可以成为保障辣椒安全生产的简单易行、经济实惠的农艺措施。     

燃烧室沉积物对点燃式发动机不同工况下排放的影响

第三代汽油清净剂在保持发动机喷嘴、进气阀清洁的同时,增加了燃烧室沉积物(CCD),这将增加部分污染物的排放. 通过M111发动机台架试验,测量了试验过程中CO,碳氢化合物(HC)和NO_x的排放,考察了燃烧室沉积物对不同工况下污染物排放的影响. 结果表明:燃烧室沉积物对NO_x的生成有明显的促进作用,也可能会增加CO排放;燃烧室沉积物对HC排放的影响较为复杂,一方面会增加高速工况下HC的排放,但其少量存在时可降低发动机在低速低负荷工况下的HC排放.      

河道水旁路处理中试工艺中PPCPs的去除效果及机制

城市河道水中含有微量药物及个人护理品（pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs）,具有一定生态风险.本文系统考察了两种河道水旁路处理工艺（混凝沉淀-曝气生物滤池-超滤-臭氧和混凝沉淀-膜生物反应器-臭氧）对30种高检出PPCPs的去除效果,并通过沿程去除率调查和风险商模型分别评价了目标PPCPs的降解机制及整体生态风险的降低情况.结果表明,两种旁路处理工艺对各目标PPCPs均有较好去除效果;其中四环素类抗生素及咖啡因在生物段去除率超过90%,而磺胺类及氟喹诺酮类抗生素及其他药物仅在进水化学需氧量较高和较高水温条件下具有较好去除效果,但臭氧深度处理可对其进行有效削减;经全流程处理后各PPCPs累积去除率均可达92.5%以上.旁路处理可有效降低目标PPCPs生态风险,经处理后风险商值由原水的12.6降至总出水的0.2（风险阈值RQ_tot=1）,去除率达98.4%.     

氧化钙燃烧固硫添加剂的研究

在寻找钙基燃烧固硫加剂，并探讨其机理的试验中，研究了碱金属化合物在不同含量，不同温度下对氧化钙固硫率的影响，试验结果表明，一些碱金属化合物能使固硫率增加约１０个百分点左右，采用ＳＥＭ和热天平分析了固硫率提高的原因，提出碱金属化合物提高固硫率的机理在于：低熔点液相共熔物的形成导致ＣａＯ微观结构的改变。     

pH对活性污泥表面特性和形态结构的影响

采用4个平行的序批式反应器,研究了不同pH下活性污泥絮体表面特性和形态结构的变化.结果表明:酸性条件下(pH=4.0,5.5)污泥产生的胞外聚合物总量较多,其中多糖和蛋白质的含量远大于中性(pH=7.0)和偏碱性条件(pH=9.0).污泥表面Zeta电位随pH的升岛而降低;pH对污泥相对疏水性的影响规律并不明显,EPS组成比例较EPS总量本身更易影响污泥表面相对疏水性;此外,在酸性条件下,丝状菌大量生长,导致污泥絮体的平均粒径增大,并且呈现双峰粒径分布,絮体分形维数较低,结构松散;在中性条件下,无明显丝状菌牛长,絮体平均粒径减小,分形维数较高,结构致密;偏碱性条件下,虽然没有出现大量丝状菌,但絮体平均粒径较中性条件略有增大,分形维数相应减小.     

Distinct community assembly processes underlie significant spatiotemporal dynamics of abundant and rare bacterioplankton in the Yangtze River

• Season and landform influenced spatiotemporal patterns of abundant and rare taxa. • Different stochastic processes dominated abundant and rare subcommunity assembly. • River flow and suspended solids regulated assembly processes of rare taxa. The rare microbial biosphere provides broad ecological services and resilience to various ecosystems. Nevertheless, the biogeographical patterns and assembly processes of rare bacterioplankton communities in large rivers remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the biogeography and community assembly processes of abundant and rare bacterioplankton taxa in the Yangtze River (China) covering a distance of 4300 km. The results revealed similar spatiotemporal patterns of abundant taxa (AT) and rare taxa (RT) at both taxonomic and phylogenetic levels, and analysis of similarities revealed that RT was significantly influenced by season and landform than AT. Furthermore, RT correlated with more environmental factors than AT, whereas environmental and spatial factors explained a lower proportion of community shifts in RT than in AT. The steeper distance–decay slopes in AT indicated higher spatial turnover rates of abundant subcommunities than rare subcommunities. The null model revealed that both AT and RT were mainly governed by stochastic processes. However, dispersal limitation primarily governed the AT, whereas the undominated process accounted for a higher fraction of stochastic processes in RT. River flow and suspended solids mediated the balance between the stochastic and deterministic processes in RT. The spatiotemporal dynamics and assembly processes of total taxa were more similar as AT than RT. This study provides new insights into both significant spatiotemporal dynamics and inconsistent assembly processes of AT and RT in large rivers.     

油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系分布及稻谷产量的影响

根系健康是水稻正常生长及高产的前提,为明确油菜秸秆还田方式和还田量对水稻生长及产量的影响,以秸秆不还田作为对照,设置秸秆半量还田(1.5 t/hm2)、全量还田(3.0 t/hm2)、超量还田(4.5 t/hm2)3个还田量以及秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)两种还田方式,通过盆栽和大田试验相结合,研究秸秆处...     

氮肥对污染农田土壤中铅的调控效应

用铅污染农田土壤做盆栽试验,研究了氮肥品种和施用量对小白菜吸收铅及土壤中铅形态的影响.结果表明,在氮肥施用量相同的条件下,施用不同形态氮肥对小白菜地上部及根系吸收铅有显著影响;适量的NH4NO3不会对小白菜地上部造成显著影响,增施Ca(NO3)2也不会造成小白菜地上部含铅量的继续增加;各施氮处理的土壤pH较不施氮处理的土壤pH均有不同程度的降低,且以(NH4)2SO4处理的土壤pH下降幅度最大,施用Ca(NO3)2的处理的土壤pH变化不显著;氮肥在一定程度上会影响土壤中各形态含铅量,其中对交换态、碳酸盐结合态、无定形氧化锰结合态,无定形氧化铁结合态及有机结合态含铅量影响较大,但并未改变各形态铅的分布顺序;小白菜吸收的铅主要来源于土壤中的交换态铅,但也可吸收部分碳酸盐结合态铅、铁锰氧化物结合态铅及有机结合态铅,甚至可吸收部分残渣态铅.     

修复受污染水体的潜流人工湿地微生物多样性研究

进行了潜流人工湿地修复受污染水体试验研究,并比较单一植物与单一填料系统与多种植物系统与多种填料系统的处理效果.运用PCR-DGGE技术研究3种不同类型的潜流人工湿地中微生物种群结构,结合多样性分析和聚类分析方法,分析了人工湿地微生物种群结构特征.     

An inventory of N(2)O emissions from agriculture in China using precipitation-rectified emission factor and background emission

Fertilized agricultural soils are a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric N₂O. A credible national inventory of agricultural N₂O emission would benefit its global strength estimate. We compiled a worldwide database of N₂O emissions from fertilized fields that were consecutively measured for more than or close to one year. Both nitrogen input (N) and precipitation (P) were found to be largely responsible for temporal and spatial variabilities in annual N₂O fluxes (N₂O–N). Thus, we established an empirical model (N₂O–N = 1.49 P + 0.0186 P · N), in which both emission factor and background emission for N₂O were rectified by precipitation. In this model, annual N₂O emission consists of a background emission of 1.49 P and a fertilizer-induced emission of 0.0186 P · N. We used this model to develop a spatial inventory at the 10 × 10 km scale of direct N₂O emissions from agriculture in China. N₂O emissions from rice paddies were separately quantified using a cropping-specific emission factor. Annual fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions amounted to 198.89 Gg N₂O–N in 1997, consisting of 18.50 Gg N₂O–N from rice paddies and 180.39 Gg N₂O–N from fertilized uplands. Annual background emissions and total emissions of N₂O from agriculture were estimated to be 92.78 Gg N₂O–N and 291.67 Gg N₂O–N, respectively. The annual direct N₂O emission accounted for 0.92% of the applied N with an uncertainty of 29%. The highest N₂O fluxes occurred in East China as compared with the least fluxes in West China.