A model and experimental study of phosphate uptake kinetics in algae: Considering surface adsorption and P-stress

Phosphorus is an important limiting nutrient in many ecosystems. Consequently, there is increasing interest on phosphate uptake and algal growth due to the increasing frequency and magnitude of algal blooms induced by eutrophication. The co-existence of surface adsorbed and intracellular phosphorus pools indicate that phosphate uptake by phytoplankton is, to some extent, a two-stage kinetic process. However, almost all previous uptake models considered the internal uptake stage only and ignored the possible impact of surface adsoption. In this article, a two-stage kinetic uptake model considering both surface adsorption and P-stress on phosphate uptake by algae was constructed and compared to conventional one-stage models, based on experimental data on short-term uptake kinetics of a green algae S. quadricauda. Results indicated that with suitable parameters, the two-stage uptake model not only fit the experimental data better, but also gave more reasonable and realistic explanations to the phosphate uptake process. The results are meaningful as surface-adsorption of phosphate may a ect the uptake process of phosphate and assist in understanding realistic phosphate uptake kinetics in phytoplankton.     

东、黄海生源要素的埋藏通量及其时空分布特征

通过对东、黄海海域2006年4月、10月航次的调查,结合210Pb数据,测定了4个站位200余年来沉积物中生源要素(总氮、总磷、总有机碳)的埋藏通量。从时间分布特征可以看出, 4个站位中,总氮(TN)的埋藏通量均自底层向表层逐步上升,到上个世纪五、六十年代左右达到较大值后便呈波动下降趋势;总磷(TP)在各站位的埋藏通量的变化比较稳定,几乎没有明显的峰值,均自底层到表层逐渐降低。总有机碳(TOC)的埋藏通量自底层到表层逐步升高,其中10594,10694站位在上世纪六十年代左右均出现了最高值,12694及H1-18站位在上世纪四十年代出现了相对高值,而后便呈下降趋势;从生源要素埋藏通量的空间分布特征可以看出,南黄海各生源要素埋藏通量的平均值分布可能与黑潮流系的影响强弱不同有关,即黑潮流系影响越强初级生产力越弱,生源要素埋藏通量越低,反之则越高;而H1-18站位生源要素的埋藏通量变化特点较为复杂,原因可能与其所处海域水文条件复杂,受陆源影响较大有关。     

烧结多孔管的制作及其沸腾传热研究

目的研究烧结多孔管表面多孔层的制造工艺,并对铜粉烧结多孔层表面的传热性能进行测定。方法利用烧结模具在铜管外面烧结铜粉层,并通过实验计算出多孔烧结管的热通量和强化换热系数。结果铜粉烧结后的铜管在酒精中的强化传热效果达到了光管的10倍左右。结论烧结铜粉粒径越小,烧结管的热通量越大,其传热性能越好。     

基于Theil指数KAYA分解的中国碳排放差异性分析

为了量化2005至2010年中国各省区市之间碳排放差异性及其变化趋势,本文运用Theil指数KAYA分解方法进行研究,结果表明:全国人均碳排放差异逐年减小,能源强度是差异的主要影响因素,人均GDP是人均碳排放差异缩小的主要原因;东中西部和东北地区区域划分方法的组内差异大于组间差异,且中西部地区内部差异是造成全国差异的主要原因;相对"十一五"能源强度目标分解,"十二五"碳强度目标分解已考虑省市区差异,但其基本上根据人均GDP差异进行分组,且很大程度沿用了东中西部和东北地区区域划分。因此,建议在对各省区市分配减排指标时,考虑各地经济发展水平差异的同时兼顾产业结构和资源禀赋,并根据中西部地区内部排放差异将目标分解方案精细化     

常村煤矿综掘面合理除尘方式选择及其应用

为了合理选择常村煤矿综掘面除尘的通风方式,本文根据煤矿中常用的通风方式和气固两相流的理论,利用fluent非稳态的数值模拟方法来模拟压入式和长压短抽两种不同通风方式下常村煤矿掘进面粉尘的运移规律以及司机处粉尘浓度分布,并进行了现场实测验证。结果表明:对于粉尘运移模型,采用非稳态的求解器要比稳态的求解器更加精确;在长压短抽通风方式下,涡流对粉尘运移影响较大,可以通过调整风速和除尘风机的负压来减小涡流的影响区域;采用长压短轴的通风方式比压入式通风方式在数值模拟情况下,前者比后者掘进机前部的粉尘浓度降低了22.2%,通过现场实测得到其降低了31.6%,巷道中部粉尘的平均浓度可由508mg/m3下降到185mg/m3,降幅为63.6%,表明长压短抽通风方式数值模拟和现场实测都要优于压入式通风方式;此外,需要在掘进机的前面和回风侧增加除尘措施,以确保司机处的粉尘浓度符合标准。     

Effect of wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) on fine particle (PM2.5) emission from coal-fired boilers

In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.     

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm weremeasured onboardby a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The average hourly particle number (PN) was around 4560 ± 3240 in the South Yellow Sea (SYS), 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea (NYS), and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea (BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflowonmarine environment. Variation of source types dependedmainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.     

Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes, using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis. Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition (N, NH₄Cl 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, whichmay be related to the reason that the root growthwas affected byNaddition. Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH₄⁺ may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.     

超声Fenton法处理毒死蜱中间体废水的工艺优化

针对毒死蜱中间体生产的化工废水有机物浓度高、生物抑制性强的特点,以实际生产废水为研究对象,基于响应曲面法,进行了超声/Fenton法降解有机物效能研究与运行参数的优化.结果表明:1通过单因素试验确定响应曲面设计的自变量中心点为H2O2投加量0.5 mol/L、Fe2+投加量0.93 g/L、反应时间90 min.2采用Box-Behnken试验设计,建立了以H2O2及Fe2+投加量、反应时间为自变量的回归模型,经方差分析,模型显著(P0.000 1);对有机物去除率影响最大的因素为Fe2+投加量,其与反应时间的交互作用显著.3最优工况为H2O2投加量0.7 mol/L、Fe2+投加量1.36 g/L、反应时间96 min,该条件下模型预测CODCr去除率为96.63%,试验值与模型预测值的相对误差为1.36%,出水水质指标远低于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级标准,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)从0.09升至0.22,CODCr单位去除负荷的H2O2及Fe2+用量相对较低,分别为0.14 mmol/mg和0.28 mg/mg.研究显示,采用超声/Fenton法处理高浓度难降解有机废水可有效提高CODCr去除率及其可生化性.     

Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes,using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis.Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition(N, NH4Cl100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, which may be related to the reason that the root growth was affected by N addition.Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH4+may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.