Use of Microbial Community to Evaluate Performance of a Wetland System in Treating Pb/Zn Mine Drainage

The performance of a wetland system in treating lead (Pb)/zinc (Zn) mine drainage was evaluated by using the polyurethane foam unit (PFU) microbial community (method), which has been adopted by China as a standardized procedure for monitoring water quality. The wetland system consisted of four cells with three dominant plants: Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Paspalum distichum. Physicochemical characteristics [pH, EC, content of total suspended solid (TSS) and metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu)] and PFU microbial community in water samples had been investigated from seven sampling sites. The results indicated that the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and TSS in the mine drainage were gradually reduced from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system and 99%, 98%, 75%, 83%, and 68% of these metals and TSS respectively, had been reduced in concentration after the drainage passed through the wetland system. A total of 105 protozoan species were identified, the number of protozoa species and the diversity index (DI) gradually increased, while the heterotrophic index (HI) gradually decreased from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system. The results indicated that DI, HI, and total number species of protozoa could be used as biological indicators indicating the improvement of water quality.     

影响富营养化水体沉水植物修复的生态因子探讨

日益严重的水体富营养化现象,不仅降低了它的使用功能,也使水生态系统日趋退化,从而制约了当地社会经济的可持续发展。利用组建或重建沉水植物技术净化水质或进行水体生态修复是一种有效的生态工程措施。本文综述了光照、pH、营养盐、重金属、悬浮颗粒物及着生藻类等生态因子对沉水植物修复的影响和修复时应注意的问题。     

垃圾渗滤液的膜生物反应器与传统生物工艺述评

采用文献调研法比较评价了膜生物反应器与传统生物工艺对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果。结果表明,渗滤液的水质特征(主要指COD)主要由渗滤液年龄决定,B/C值和渗滤液年龄对COD去除有重要影响。传统生物处理常采用多级组合工艺,渗滤液特性、工艺单元数、水力停留时间和有机负荷率等是影响COD去除的重要参数。近年来,MBR工艺的应用日益广泛,对于B/C值较低的老龄渗滤液,MBR工艺可获得更好的COD去除效果,也有利于废水的膜深度处理。     

环境安全：21世纪人类面临的根本问题

本文从人类社会的可持续进步和国家的可持续发展两个层面,深层次地分析了环境安全问题的不可替代的重要性,并从理论和实践两个方面得出：第一,我国应将环境安全的保证能力作为综合国力的重要组成部分;第二,应将环境安全观作为指导我国21世纪两大战略-加入WTO和西部大开发的重要方针。     

阿特拉津在土壤中的生物降解研究

运用恒温培养法研究了阿特拉津在河北省白洋淀地区农田土壤中的生物降解动力学,并从中分离鉴定了土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种,研究结果表明,该土壤对阿特拉津具有一定的降解能力,非生物＋生物的降解、非生物降解和生物降解的速率分别为０．０２６２ｄ＾－１,０．００５５４８ｄ＾－１和０．００８１９４ｄ＾－１,半衰期分别为２６ｄ,１２５ｄ和８５ｄ,发现土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ     

Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China

The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium accumulated by 12 emergent-rooted wetland plant species including different populations of Leersia hexandra, Juncus effusus and Equisetum ramosisti were investigated in field conditions of China. The results showed that metal accumulation by wetland plants differed among species, populations and tissues. Populations grown in substrata with elevated metals contained significantly higher metals in plants. Metals accumulated by wetland plants were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance widely exists in them. That some species/populations could accumulate relatively high metal concentrations (far above the toxic concentration to plants) in their shoots indicates that internal detoxification metal tolerance mechanism(s) are also included. The factors affecting metal accumulation by wetland plants include metal concentrations, pH, and nutrient status in substrata. Mostly concentrations of Pb and Cu in both aboveground and underground tissues of the plants were significantly positively related to their total and/or DTPA-extractable fractions in substrata while negatively to soil N and P, respectively. The potential use of these wetland plants in phytoremediation is also discussed.     

Pollution sources identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of soils in Tianjin area, China

A total of 188 surface soil samples were collected from different types of utilization soils in Tianjin area. Factor analysis and scatter point surface tension spine function interpolation were used to analyze types and spatial distributions of PAH sources of surface soils in Tianjin area. The results showed that most pollution sources were mixed sources including coal burning and petroleum spill. Mixed sources occupied 56.12%, 58.96%, 46.45% and 59.50% in farmland of wastewater irrigation, common farmland, wild land and city greenbelt, respectively. Other pollution sources such as vehicle emission, biogenic conversion, wood burning and natural gas combustion were also significant. The spatial distributions of pollution sources were closely related to geographic location, geographic condition and living habit of indigenes.     

典型进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性及其影响因素

为了解我国进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性,以某检测机构的5种再生塑料颗粒PP、PE、PS、PET和ABS为研究对象,研究不同温度、不同接触时间和不同模拟液等条件下,再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性。结果表明,在25、40、70 ℃这3种温度下,PP、PE、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒中重金属铬、铅、锰、镉、汞和铜的溶出量随着温度的升高而增加,PS中重金属浓度随温度升高变化不大;随着接触时间的增长,样品中的6种重金属Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、Hg溶出量增长趋势由快至慢,5种再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cr的溶出浓度最高;PE、PS、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒在4种模拟液中重金属溶出量大小整体呈现出：50%乙酸>3%乙酸>10%乙醇>95%乙醇,但PP再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cu在3%乙酸中的溶出量比10%乙醇中的多。本研究结果可为建立塑料接触材料及制品中重金属溶出量的标准方法提供依据。     

Ecological service assessment of human-dominated freshwater ecosystem with a case study in Yangzhou Prefecture, China

Freshwater ecosystems provide a host of services to humanity. These services are now rapidly being lost, not least because of the inability of making the impacts measurable. To overcome this obstacle, assessment frameworks for freshwater ecosystem services are needed. A simple water equivalent framework to assess the ecological services provided by freshwater ecosystems was developed in this study. It translated the occupation of freshwater ecosystem services into biologically freshwater volumes and then compares this consumption to the freshwater throughput, that is, the ecological capacity available in this region. In this way, we use the example of Yangzhou Prefecture, to account the main categories of human occupation of water ecosystem services. The result showed that there is a huge gap between the consumption and the supply of freshwater ecosystem services. This must encourage local government to make land-use and water management decisions both economically rational and environmentally sound.     

洹河底泥中有机污染物调查与分析

介绍了GC/MS联用仪对河流底泥中微量有机污染物进行定性、定量分析的实验方法,探讨了底泥与地表水中有机物种类和含量间的关系。