三维荧光技术在水环境监测中的应用研究进展

介绍了三维荧光技术的测定原理、测定结果的表征方法和数据解析方法（峰值拾取法、荧光区域积分法和平行因子分析法）。讨论了三维荧光典型荧光峰与BOD₅、COD和TOC等水质指标的相关性,证明了三维荧光技术在水环境监测中的应用能力。综述了三维荧光技术在生活污水、工业废水和雨水等水环境监测中应用的研究进展,展望了其发展前景。     

负载型纳米Bi2WO6/AC的制备及在可见光下降解邻硝基苯酚

采用水热法在160℃条件下以活性炭(AC)为载体合成了光催化剂Bi2WO6/AC,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子扫描电镜(SEM)对催化剂进行了表征.同时,以邻硝基苯酚为目标污染物,在可见光照射下,讨论了催化剂用量、溶液的pH、污染物初始浓度等因素对催化剂光催化活性的影响.结果表明,当[Bi2WO6/AC]=5 g·L-1、pH=5[邻硝基苯酚]0=100 mg·L-1时,催化剂可见光降解活性最好,60 min后邻硝基苯酚的降解率可达到99.81%.     

Levels, distributions, and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in the topsoils in Northeastern China

Seventeen topsoil samples (9 urban, 4 suburban, 3 rural and 1 background) were collected in/around Harbin, a typical city in northeast of China, to measure concentration levels of organocholrine pesticides (OCPs) in topsoil of Northeastern China in 2006. Hexachlorohexanes (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were detected in soil samples with mean concentrations (in pg/g dry weight (dw)) of 7120, 5425, and 1039, respectively. The mean concentrations for other OCPs were very low, 4.8 pg/g dw for chlordane and 3.3 pg/g dw for endosulfan. Source identification analysis reveals that all OCPs found in soil samples were due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions through long- and short-range atmospheric transport. DDT was mainly used in the rural sites, whereas the sources of HCB, chlordane and endosulfan were mainly in the urban area. HCH was found almost equally in both urban and rural area. Soil concentrations of all detected OCPs, except HCHs, in and around Harbin were much lower than those in the southeast of China, which is expected since the use of these OCPs in the former was much lower than that in the latter, however higher HCH concentrations in and around Harbin than those found in most places of the Southeast China is not expected. It is suggested that high HCH concentration in soil of Northeast China was most likely due to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) from Southeast China and the cold condensation process.     

绿色建筑评估体系的国际经验比较与借鉴

绿色建筑是建筑业发展的必然趋势.文章分别选取英国、美国和多个国家联合制定的3个绿色建筑评估体系进行了对比研究,在分析总结各自特色的基础上,针对我国绿色建筑的推进和评估工作提出了建设性意见.     

Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling

This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environmental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 19000 pg·g⁻¹ dry weight (dw), with geometric mean of 120 pg·g⁻¹dw. The results indicated that endosulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by β- and α-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0–340 pg·m⁻³ for α-endosulfan and 0–121 pg·m⁻³ for β-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model (SGPERM), an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.     

工业企业地震灾害停减产损失评估方法研究——以芦山7.0级地震为例

工业是国民经济的重要组成部分,大地震对工业产业链产生连锁反应,灾害损失颇大,因此工业企业的间接损失评估研究有较强的应用价值,可以为灾后经济复苏预测提供参考。该文首先简要回顾了现有的地震灾害间接经济损失评估方法,再依据地震工程属性,综合考虑工业企业在地震灾害受损影响程度,确定停减产时间,以行政区域作为评估基本单位,提出了工业企业停减产损失评估方法。该方法得到行政区域的工业企业停减产损失值,可以为恢复重建资金的分配提供依据。最后以芦山7.0级地震为例评估其工业企业停减产损失值约为125.7亿元。     

屋顶绿化的效益及成本分析

近年来,随着城市化水平的提高以及可持续发展意识的增强,屋顶绿化技术凭借其生态效益及景观价值,已经在欧美国家得到广泛应用,国内已有一些研究,但应用范围比较狭隘。文章通过分析国内外学者的研究,量化了屋顶绿化在节能减排、滞留雨水、去除污染物、延长屋顶寿命、降低噪声和景观价值等方面的功能效果。并在此基础上分析屋顶绿化的成本效益,为国内工程实际应用提供数据基础。     

黄土丘陵区不同有机碳水平侵蚀坡面土壤微生物量碳的分布特征

通过分析5种不同有机碳水平侵蚀坡面上土壤微生物量碳的空间分布特征及其影响因素,探究了不同土壤有机碳水平下侵蚀和土壤微生物量碳的"压力-响应"关系.结果表明:10~20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量随土壤有机碳水平的增加而增加.0~10 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量比10~20 cm土层更易受坡面有机碳背景的影响,且对侵蚀的响应较敏感;2土壤微生物碳含量随着土层深度的加深而减少,当坡面有机碳水平为5.68 g·kg-1时,土壤微生物量碳的剖面分布差异最大.土壤微生物量碳的水平分布表现为沉积区对照区侵蚀区,当坡面有机碳含量在4.92~5.65 g·kg-1范围内,其水平分布差异较大.即在中等有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面上,土壤微生物量碳的空间分布差异较大,对侵蚀的响应较敏感;3土壤微生物量碳的空间分布主要受坡面土壤有机碳水平的影响;其次受坡位、土壤平均含水量、土壤容重等的影响.     

Improved utilization of active sites for phosphorus adsorption in FeOOH/anion exchanger nanocomposites via a glycol-solvothermal synthesis strategy

Metal oxide/hydroxide-based nanocomposite adsorbents with porous supporting matrices have been recognized as efficient adsorbents for phosphorus recovery. Aiming at satisfying increasingly restrictive environmental requirements involving improving metal site utilization and lowering metal leakage risk, a glycol-solvothermal confined-space synthesis strategy was proposed for the fabrication of Fe OOH/anion exchanger nanocomposites（Fe/900s）with enhanced metal site utilization and reduced metal lea...     

Lightweight aggregate obtained from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash sludge (MSWI-BAS) and its characteristics affected by single factor of sintering mechanism

ABSTRACT

To solve the disposal problem of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash sludge (MSWI-BAS), using it as the main raw material to prepare lightweight aggregates (LWA) for resource utilization. Sintering is an important process to achieve the desired microstructure and material properties. This paper investigates the characteristics of LWA affected by single factor of sintering mechanism (sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time). Results show that sintering temperature increased from 1130°C to 1160°C caused high-density microstructure materials gradually formed in LWA, leading to particle strength increased from 0.1 MPa to 3.64 MPa, particle density showed an overall upward trend, reaching a maximum of 916 Kg/m³ at 1160°C, and 1 h water absorption reduced from 68% to 25%. The heating rate of 15 K/min was beneficial to the formation of dense phase structure which could increase the particle strength, and the water absorption rate reached the lowest at this time, while the particle density was less affected by heating rate. When soaking time extended from 5 min to 20 min, particle strength and compressive density were gradually increased, and 1 h water absorption showed an overall downward trend, indicating that a longer soaking time was not conducive to the retention of pores. This study demonstrates that the utilization of MSWI-BAS to make high-performance LWA is feasible, along with the preferable environmental and economic benefits.

Implications: MSWI-BAS were selected to produce lightweight aggregate (LWA), so that the sludge disposal problem is reduced. The effects of sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time on the characteristics of LWA were investigated. Compact glass structures are formed at 1150°C and 1160°C which greatly improve the strength. The heating rate has little influence on the physical properties of LWA products. The particle density of LWA increases after the sintering soaking time reaches 15 minutes.