颗粒物表面酸碱特性与孔表面分形的研究

通过电位滴定试验,证明了5种颗粒物的表面存在着一定量的OH-受体,其表面位浓度(Hs)在0.1219～0.3134 mmo.·L-1之间,表面位密度(DoH)在0.8586～2.1305个·nm-2之间,且不同采样点的颗粒物,其表面位浓度和表面位密度差别很大.所采集的5种颗粒物的孔结构接近平行板狭缝,孔尺寸分布不是均一的,平均孔径分布范围较宽(1.8～76nm);BET比表面积为9.5669～34.5605 m2·g-1,累积脱附孔体积为0.01729～0.06711 cm3·g-1,BJH脱附平均孔径为5.6768～7.7388nm,处于中孔范围,且平均孔径均大于其PSD峰值对应的孔径.通过分形FHH方程模拟N2吸附和脱附等温线数据计算出这些颗粒物的孔表面分形维数Ds比较接近(2.68～2.82之间),但它们的分形标度区间不同.另外,采用热力学模型和分形FHH理论计算出的表面分形维数的差异主要归因于这些样品孔尺寸分布的不均一性.     

石墨探针直接收集、石墨探针炉原子吸收法测定APM中痕量银

本文采用一定气孔性的石墨探针直接收集大气颗粒物（APM）,然后用石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定收集在探针上的APM中痕量银。实验表明:峰面积吸光度与银的浓度在0—120ng·ml~(-1)范围内呈线性关系,银的特征量为6.75pg,检测限（3σ）为11.74pg,RSD（n=11）为3.92％,分析标准物质NBS1648（城市颗粒物）,其回收率和RSD（n=5）分别为90.2—105.0％和6.0％,证明此法准确、灵敏、快速、简便。     

挥发性有机物低温等离子体降解的影响参数研究

作为一类重要的有机污染物,挥发性有机物的危害已引起了世界各国的广泛关注。以挥发性有机物代表物质苯为研究对象,考察了多种实验参数对苯降解特性的影响。在高频电源条件下,对于施加电压、电源频率及反应器参数（包括管径、有效长度、电极材料和电极直径）与苯去除率的关系进行了研究。结果表明,高施加电压、高电源频率有利于苯的降解。管径较小、有效长度较长、内电极直径较大、内电极材料为钨的反应器对于苯的去除效果明显。反应器参数与电源的匹配问题对于提高污染物去除率及节能降耗方面十分重要。     

三维电极电吸附动态反应器的除氟特征研究

采用自制的单极性复合型三维阳极作为第三维电极对含氟水进行动态电促吸附实验,通过研究不同填充床高度、阴阳极板间距、隔膜材料对电促吸附除氟效果的影响,确定反应器的最佳结构参数为:填充床高度20 cm、阴阳极板间距4 cm、隔膜为nafion117膜。工作电压、进水pH、进水流速、共存物质对氟离子去除效果的影响结果表明:在一定范围内增大工作电压,降低进水pH或进水流速均可提高除氟效果。相应的最佳操作条件为:工作电压7 V、进水流速4 mL/min、酸性pH;腐殖酸和碳酸根离子的存在会对氟离子去除产生较强抑制作用,低浓度的氯离子可促进氟离子的电促吸附。扫描电镜(SEM)-电子能谱(EDX)的表征结果显示三维颗粒电极的表面及孔隙内部均可吸附氟离子,且电吸附后并未出现电极腐蚀现象。     

污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝废水的吸附

立足于污泥的资源化,利用化学活化法制得的污泥基活性炭,处理次甲基蓝染料废水.考察了污泥活性炭的粒径以及染料废水的pH值对染料脱色效果以及活性炭的吸附量的影响,并对吸附过程进行等温吸附线和吸附动力学分析.结果表明,在本研究的范围内,污泥活性炭的粒径越小、染料废水的pH值越高,则污泥活性炭对染料废水的吸附效果越好.当粒径在200目以上时,去除率及吸附量分别为88.2％和136.7 mg/g;当pH值为11时,去除率和吸附量分别为90.4％和91.9 mg/g.污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝染料的吸附脱除符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Lagergren准二级动力学方程.     

平板炭气凝胶电极电吸附除氟

采用自制的炭气凝胶平板电极进行模拟水样中氟的电吸附去除研究,通过单因子实验优化了该电吸附技术的操作参数和适用的溶液条件,并研究了反接电极法的再生效果。研究结果表明,自制的炭气凝胶平板由纳米颗粒组成三维网络结构,比表面积为670.90 m2/g,具有良好的充放电可逆性和迅速形成表面双电层的特点。静态电吸附除氟效果最佳的条件为:水样氟离子浓度6 mg/L,pH 7.0,极板间距4 cm,电压1.6 V;共存物质硝酸根、腐殖酸、碳酸根和碳酸氢根等对氟离子的电吸附具有一定的促进作用。吸附氟离子后的炭气凝胶材料的比表面、孔体积、电容值有所减小。对于吸附氟离子后的炭气凝胶平板电极,采用反接电极法取得较好再生效果的条件为:流动状态、电压1.6 V、极板间距4 cm。再生后的炭气凝胶电极与原始炭气凝胶相比,依然具有良好的充放电可逆性。     

Effects of redox potential on soil cadmium solubility: Insight into microbial community

Understanding the role of microbes in the solubility of cadmium (Cd) is of fundamental importance for remediation of Cd toxicity. The present study aimed to identify the microbes that involved in regulating Cd solubility and to reveal possible mechanisms. Therefore, microbial communities were investigated through high-throughput sequencing approach, the molecular ecological network was constructed and metagenomes were predicted. Our results indicated that redox conditions affected both the solubility of soil Cd and the microbial communities. Anaerobic microbes, such as Anaerolineaceae, did not only play important roles in shaping the microbial community in soils, but might also be involved in regulating the Cd solubility. Two possible mechanisms that how Anaerolineaceae involved in Cd solubility are (1) Anaerolineaceae are important organic matter degraders under anoxic conditions and (2) Anaerolineaceae can co-exist with methane metabolism microbes, while methane metabolism promotes the precipitation of soluble Cd. Thus, application of Anaerolineaceae in bioremediation of soil Cadmium contamination is a potential approach. The study provided a novel insight into the role of microbial community in the regulation of Cd solubility under different redox conditions, and suggested a potential approach for the remediation of soil Cd contamination.     

大学校区环境实验室内外空气中PM10的形貌与元素组成

研究了北京某高校环境实验室内外空气中PM10的形貌特征与元素组成.结果表明,PM10的FESEM图像中燃煤飞灰的粒子数目最多,且PM10中绝大多数颗粒均小于2.5μm,为大气细粒子.燃煤飞灰的平均粒径最小,烟尘聚集体的平均粒径稍大于矿物颗粒,而且烟尘聚集体和燃煤飞灰算术平均直径均呈现室A外≥室A内＞室B内的规律.而矿物颗粒算术平均直径却呈现室A外＞室B内＞室A内的规律.从室A外到室A内,PM10中烟尘聚集体和燃煤飞灰的数目比例均下降,而矿物颗粒的数目比例却增加了近1倍;从室A外到室B内,PM10中烟尘聚集体数目比例下降了很多,而燃煤飞灰和矿物颗粒的数目比例均增加了.化学组成的聚类分析和三元图分析结果表明,室A外的矿物颗粒主要为钙长石,室A内的矿物颗粒主要为伊/蒙混层矿物、硅酸钙,室B内的矿物颗粒主要为长石类矿物和少量的白云石和石膏,其中的石膏可能是大气中均相与非均相反应的产物.基于FESEM形貌和分形维数的计算结果证明,燃煤飞灰不具有分形特征,而烟尘聚集体和矿物颗粒具有分形特征.矿物颗粒的D1均小于烟尘聚集体D1,其边界的不规则程度低,而矿物颗粒的D2均远大于烟尘聚集体D2,其具有更为密实的结构.     

不同剪切条件下活性污泥理化性质及脱水性能的响应特征

通过实验室模拟,研究了原始活性污泥和最佳投药量下调理污泥的毛细管吸水时间、粒度、分形维数、Zeta电位和上清液SS值等参数随剪切强度与时间的变化规律,确定了污泥的剪切敏感性和强度因子及粒径、强度等参数与速度梯度（G）值之间的关系.结果表明,剪切导致原始污泥和调理污泥的脱水性能变差,相应的临界剪切强度分别为700 r·min^-1（G=554.6 s^-1）和400 r·min^-1（G=239.5 s^-1）,并暴露出更多带负电荷的新鲜表面.原始污泥的质量分形维数受剪切作用影响不大,其粒径在一定范围内随剪切强度的增加而减小,而调理污泥絮体的质量分形维数却随之上升,粒度随之降低.原始污泥与调理污泥絮体的K_SS值分别为4.73×10^-2、8.33×10^-2,稳定絮体粒径常数γ值分别为4.99×10^-2、35.19×10^-2,且前者的强度因子较高,它们均表明原始污泥的剪切稳定性更好.剥离是原始污泥剪切破碎的主要机制,而调理污泥在临界剪切强度以上呈现越来越明显的剪切分裂机制.此外,污泥粒径、强度均与G值呈现较好的指数关系.     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.