浙江省排污权交易现状分析及对策研究

排污权有偿使用和交易是浙江省生态文明制度建设的重要内容,是环境资源领域一项重大的、基础性的机制创新和制度改革。本文在总结浙江省试点工作经验、实际成效、存在不足的基础上,结合国家深化排污权有偿使用和交易的要求,提出了相关对策建议:完善相关法律法规、加强技术支撑、完善排污权价格机制等。     

淳安县工业结构发展研究

基于《国民经济行业分类》及环境统计调查数据,淳安县的经济贡献率、污染贡献率、资源消耗贡献率、相对环境绩效及相对资源绩效在各行业之间差异比较明显,且聚集性较强。从产业竞争力来看,根据区位商评价,饮料制造业、纺织业、金属制品业具有较强的竞争力。应用聚类分析方法对淳安县11个行业进行分类,结合当地实际情况得出以下结论:环境绩效水平高且经济贡献率高,及环境绩效水平高且经济贡献率低的行业应作为该县重点鼓励发展的行业,其余两类行业应重点控制或逐步限制其发展。淳安县应进一步运用各种绿色经济政策,充分利用当地的生态优势大力发展生态工业,打造生态工业体系,同时还要加大对中小企业的扶持和服务力度。     

硝基苯污染的修复研究进展

硝基苯由于难降解的特性及"三致"效应,已被许多国家列为优先控制污染物,因此开展硝基苯污染物的修复显得尤为重要。文章综述了硝基苯污染的物理、化学及生物修复研究进展,并对未来修复方向进行了展望。     

Mo-Mn-ATP催化剂的脱汞性能研究

以盐酸活化凹土(ATP)为载体,采用浸渍法和变温处理法制备Mo-Mn-ATP催化剂,考察了Mo和Mn的总负载量、Mo和Mn的摩尔比、焙烧温度、反应温度等对催化剂催化氧化模拟烟气中Hg0性能的影响,并讨论了催化剂的抗硫性能。结果表明,Mo和Mn的总负载量10%、Mo和Mn的摩尔比1∶3、焙烧温度400℃、反应温度120℃时,Mo-Mn-ATP催化剂的脱汞效果最好,达96%。     

DBP formation from degradation of DEET and ibuprofen by UV/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination

The formation of disinfection by-products(DBPs) from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide(DEET) and ibuprofen(IBP) by the ultraviolet irradiation(UV)/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination was investigated and compared with the UV/H_2O_2 process.The pseudo first-order rate constants of the degradation of DEET and IBP by the UV/chlorine process were 2 and 3.1 times higher than those by the UV/H_2O_2 process, respectively, under the tested conditions. This was due to the significant contributions of both reactive chlorine species U(RCS) and hydroxyl radicals(HO) in the UV/chlorine process. Trichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone and dichloroacetic acid were the major known DBPs formed after 90% of both DEET and IBP that were degraded by the UV/chlorine process. Their yields increased by over 50%after subsequent 1-day post-chlorination. The detected DBPs after the degradation of DEET and IBP comprised 13.5% and 19.8% of total organic chlorine(TOCl), respectively, and the proportions increased to 19.8% and 33.9% after subsequent chlorination, respectively. In comparison to the UV/H_2O_2 process accompanied with post-chlorination, the formation of DBPs and TOCl in the UV/chlorine process together with post-chlorination was 5%–63% higher,Ulikely due to the generation of more DBP precursors from the attack of RCS, in addition to HO.     

基于物质平衡模型的工业汞污染防治环境经济手段分析

我国以行政命令手段为主的环境管理措施并不能完全有效控制环境汞污染,因而有必要引入环境经济手段。本文基于汞在采掘、冶炼和产品生产三个生产环节中的利用、处置与排放特征,构建了经济系统及行业部门的汞物质平衡模型,并发现,单个污染源的汞污染物治理难以保证消除汞的环境危害。因而,采取环境经济手段控制工业汞污染,尽可能少的向环境中排放汞,在涉汞工业系统的层面上提高汞的利用效率和再资源化率。我国工业汞污染防治的环境经济手段包括环境污染价格、税费以及绿色金融两大类,但仅对生产环节高浓度汞排放发挥作用,对于堆存、再提取和处置环节的汞排放则作用不大。对此,应从扩大环境税(排污费)的征收范围,建立长效的绿色金融机制和推进第三方治理低含量含汞废物,这三个方面加以改进。     

Toxic effects of coal fly ash on wheat seedlings

We studied heavy metal (HM) stress on wheat seedlings (AK-58) with and without coal fly ash (CFA) exposure. Three CFA spray rates were used to simulate air quality of the second level. Results show airborne particulates can directly enter plant leaves, affecting the whole plant. HM deposition decreases seedling size and mass and reduces activities of the chlorophyll family, photosynthesis enzymes (RuBP and PEPC), and photosynthesis efficiency. In leaves, HM deposition increases with the CFA spray rate. In roots, however, CFA exposure seems to reduce HM deposition, compared with the control without CFA exposure. A possible reason is that HM deposition in leaves from airborne particulates hinders photosynthesis, weakens the whole physiology of the seedlings, and consequently reduces root absorption of HMs from soil. CFA leads to chloroplast expansion, layer-stack disorder of grana, plastoglobule increase, and even chlorophyll membrane damage.     

高校宿舍楼火灾及人员疏散数值研究

为研究高校宿舍火灾烟气蔓延过程与人员疏散效果的相关联系,利用数值模拟研究了不同火灾场景下烟气流动、能见度、温度随时间变化的规律,及其对人员安全疏散的影响。研究表明:(1)火灾发生后,由于烟囱效应,烟气迅速在楼梯间蓄积,形成蓄烟池效应,堵塞疏散通道,然后逐渐发展至上部的楼层空间,对人员安全疏散极为不利;(2)高校宿舍楼人员较为集中,火灾发生时疏散人员在楼梯间易出现拥堵,人员火灾安全疏散的形势较为严峻;(3)喷淋、宿舍人数控制、建筑结构优化等安全措施能有效提高人员疏散效果,降低火灾危险性;(4)研究成果能为建筑防火设计、消防整改和宿舍管理提供科学依据。     

ESP电场粉尘浓度分布及高浓度区粉尘强制收集技术的研究

为了进一步提高电除尘器收尘效率以满足日益严格的国家排放标准,提出了电除尘器高浓度区粉尘强制收集技术.通过建立电场粉尘传输数学模型和对实测断面粉尘浓度分布曲线进行回归,分别得到了理论和实际电场粉尘浓度分布公式.结果表明,电场中粉尘浓度分布与断面位置有关.电场中每个断面上从电晕线到收尘极板质量浓度逐渐提高,极板附近存在高质量浓度粉尘区.在极板末端收尘板两侧加装等速吸风口,将极板附近的粉尘气流加以强制收集并采用袋式除尘器进行净化或循环至入口进行二级处理,可以显著提高电除尘器的收尘效率,降低极板振打引起的粉尘飞扬造成的粉尘流失.利用流函数对吸风口流场分析并根据实测的断面粉尘浓度分布可得到吸风口宽度与收尘效率的数值关系.粉尘强制收集技术是电除尘技术领域中的一项创新.采用该项技术既可以对运行中的电除尘器加以改造,又可以在电除尘器的设计中加以实施.