重庆市主城区空气污染成因分析及改善大气扩散条件的措施建议

盆地地形导致的城区内小以厚度大，强逆温层出现频率高等大气不利扩散条件是造成重庆市主城区空气污染的重要原因，建议城市布局要符合空气动力学原理并通过工程措施改善城区大气扩散条件。     

Cadmium distribution in rice plants grown in three different soils after application of pig manure with added cadmium

A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate Cd concentrations in the aboveground parts of two consecutive crops of rice and Cd availability in three different soils (loam, silt loam, and sandy loam) after application of pig manure with added Cd. Soil pH tended to increase with increasing application rate of pig manure from 1 to 3% (w/w, oven dry basis). Soil diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Cd showed a clear positive correlation with soil total Cd content and increased with increasing Cd amendment of the manure but showed no difference between the two manure application rates. Cd concentrations in the grain, husk, and straw were significantly and positively correlated with soil DTPA-extractable Cd (p < 0.001). Within each level of manure Cd, the higher rate (3%) of manure produced lower Cd concentrations in the grain, husk, and straw on all three soils than did the lower rate (1%) after the first crop, but this no longer occurred after the growth of the second crop. Grain Cd concentrations exceeded the Chinese National Food Quality Standard (0.2 mg kg(-1)) most often on the loam, with intermediate frequency on the silt loam, and least often on the sandy loam, the soil with the highest pH and lowest organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity.     

微波-均相Fenton法深度处理工业聚集型村镇复合废水

为了提高工业聚集型村镇复合废水处理效率,对微波-均相Fenton技术进行了研究。基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,重点考察了初始pH值、H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比、H2O2投加量、微波功率及微波辐射时间的单独及交互作用;建立以COD去除率为响应值的二次响应曲面模型并采用方差分析进行验证。结果表明,影响因子显著性排序为：初始pH值 > H2O2投加量 > 微波辐射功率 > H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比 > 微波辐射时间;其中初始pH和H2O2投加量之间交互作用显著;所建数学模型回归性较好,最优组合条件为：初始pH值3.43,H2O2投加量19.2 mmol·L-1,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比39.42,微波辐射功率597.55 W,微波辐射时间5.12 min,该条件下COD实际去除率为95.3%,与模型预测结果相比偏差为4.7%。采用微波-均相Fenton法深度处理工业聚集型村镇复合废水,出水COD值完全满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978-1996）一级排放标准COD≤100 mg·L-1。     

基于情景构建的应急预案体系优化策略及方法

为了进一步优化我国现有应急预案体系,从应急管理实践中分析梳理出4方面问题,包括:“在指导理念上依然没有充分体现应急准备的理念”“应急预案体系在微观、中观和宏观层面依然存在结构性问题”“应急预案的内容存在‘概念性’内容较多的情况,导致操作性和针对性不强”“预案动态管理滞后,持续改进机制尚未形成”;针对现存问题,提出基于情景构建的优化策略和方法,认为“情景构建”不但可以指导编制者分析应急需求、明确应急目标、规划应急程序,有效支撑应急预案的编制,而且可以派生出“基于情景链条的预案衔接策略”“基于任务协同的预案衔接策略”“基于资源约束的预案衔接策略”,进而从微观层面上推进预案体系的优化。研究结果可以作为各级政府和企业应急预案体系构建的参考和借鉴。     

生物滤塔-人工湿地组合工艺对农村生活污水净化效果研究

采用厌氧/射流充氧生物滤塔/人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水,考察了组合工艺及其各处理单元对污染物去除的贡献率。在实验室进行了小试,实验结果表明：该组合工艺对污染物具有较好的去除效果,在稳定工况下,组合工艺对COD、NH4＋-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为85.4%、74.5%、75.9%和78.3%。生物滤塔能有效...     

Characteristics of single atmospheric particles in a heavily polluted urban area of China: size distributions and mixing states

To investigate the chemical composition, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosol particles on heavy pollution days, single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry was conducted during 9–26 October 2015 in Xi’an, China. The measured particles were classified into six major categories: biomass burning (BB) particles, K-secondary particles, elemental carbon (EC)–related particles, metal-containing particles, dust, and organic carbon (OC) particles. BB and EC-related particles were the dominant types during the study period and mainly originated from biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion. According to the ambient air quality index, two typical episodes were defined: clean days (CDs) and polluted days (PDs). Accumulation of BB particles and EC-related particles was the main reason for the pollution in Xi’an. Most types of particle size were larger on PDs than CDs. Each particle type was mixed with secondary species to different degrees on CDs and PDs, indicating that atmospheric aging occurred. The mixing state results demonstrated that the primary tracers were oxidized or vanished and that the amount of secondary species was increased on PDs. This study provides valuable information and a dataset to help control air pollution in the urban areas of Xi’an.

Graphical abstract

     

新型溴代阻燃剂TBB和TBPH的生态毒理研究进展

新型溴代阻燃剂2-乙基己基-四溴苯甲酸(2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate,TBB)和2,3,4,5-四溴-苯二羧酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(bis(2-ethylhexyl)2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate,TBPH)作为传统溴代阻燃剂多溴联苯醚(poly...     

事故灾难类重大突发事件情景构建概念模型

近期重特大事故灾难频发,表现出我国安全管理水平和应急处置能力依然不足。为引导地区或企业有序地开展应急准备工作,设计了事故灾难类重大突发事件情景构建概念模型,分析了概念模型中的“机会窗”和“准备效益”等重要理念,总结了概念模型在我国当前阶段的重要指导意义。最后,以某化工园区为真实背景,开展了生产安全事故情景构建的原型研究,证明了在事故灾难领域开展情景构建的实际价值。     

基于ARMA模型磁暴抑制的地震TEC异常分析∗

地震孕育的过程中会影响电离层的粒子浓度（TEC）,因此可以通过 TEC 数据分析地震异常信息,但是 TEC 数据相较地震事件受太阳活动影响更大,所以以往的研究通常只能选择太阳活动较为平静的时期。受磁暴影响 TEC 数据无法正常反应 2021 年云南大理州等地的地震异常信息,因此抑制磁暴干扰就显得格外重要。在滑动四分位法的基础上提出一种基于 ARMA 模型的 TEC 数据磁暴抑制方法,通过重新拟合磁暴发生前后的 TEC 数据, 从而代替原始数据进行分析,在一定程度上降低磁暴对地震的信息的影响,然后提出一种地震特征及其相关性的模型对 TEC 异常和地震事件的相关性程度进行分析。基于 IGS 数据分析中心提供的全球电离层电子浓度数据,分别对 2021 年云南大理州漾濞县 6.4 级地震和青海果洛州玛多县 7.4 级地震进行仿真分析,分别使用传统的滑动四分位法和滑动窗口法,并通过提出的相关性模型对磁暴抑制前后的特征和事件相关性结果进行对比,结果表明去除磁暴后的特征与地震相关性增加约 13~18%。     

MgAl型层状化合物对六价铬的吸附性能

尿素-水热法制备层状双金属氢氧化物MgAl-LDH,系统考察了焙烧温度、pH值、初始Cr（VI）浓度、吸附时间和吸附温度对样品的吸附性能的影响。并对其吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理进行研究。采用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）对吸附Cr（VI）前后的MgAl-LDH进行表征。MgAl-LDH的最佳吸附条件为pH=2.5,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型,最大吸附容量为105.15 mg·g-1,其对Cr（VI）的吸附为放热过程,并遵守准二级动力学模型,化学吸附为主导。MgAl-LDH对Cr（VI）的吸附主要在酸性条件下进行,吸附机理主要为静电作用和离子交换：在酸性条件下,MgAl-LDH表面带正电荷,并通过静电作用吸附Cr（VI）阴离子,同时MgAl-LDH的层间CO32-和NO3-与溶液中的Cr（VI）阴离子进行离子交换。