溢油胁迫下孔石莼碳氮稳定同位素的变化

为了研究溢油对海岸潮间带重要的大型绿藻孔石莼（Ulva Pertusa）的影响,本文探究了在180#燃料油的原油分散液（WAF）胁迫下,孔石莼的生长速率、叶绿素a以及碳氮稳定同位素的变化。在低WAF浓度（1.43 mg/L、2.87 mg/L和4.30 mg/L）胁迫下,对孔石莼的生长具有促进作用,生长速率均高于对照组,同时叶绿素a和碳氮稳定同位素均呈现上升的趋势;而高浓度WAF（5.72 mg/L和7.17 mg/L）会抑制藻类生长,导致生长速率低于对照组,而叶绿素a含量却高于对照组,孔石莼的δ15N和δ13C相比对照组偏负。对于孔石莼来说,C、N稳定同位素变化的趋势比叶绿素a更明显,这表明在溢油胁迫下,孔石莼的C、N稳定同位素能够更好更快速地评价溢油胁迫毒性大小,因此可以作为海洋环境监测和评价的一种新手段。     

基于在线监测的江河入海径流通量计算方法研究与应用——以辽河口为例

随着入海流量在线监测技术的兴起,本文从流量在线监测技术原理和步骤出发,对入海流量在线监测的主要技术环节进行了梳理,给出了综合、全面的江河入海径流通量流程化计算方案,并将其应用到了辽河入海径流通量计算实例中。本文的研究为江河污染物排海量的准确估算和入海流量在线监测技术的推广提供了支持。     

The effects of autophagy on vascular endothelial cells induced by airborne PM2.5

The purpose of this study was to examine the direct toxicity of PM2.5 collected from Beijing on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC). A Cell Counting Kit 8(CCK8) assay demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the proliferation of HUVECs in a dosedependent manner. We also found that PM2.5 exposure induced autophagy in HUVECs, as evidenced by:(1) an increased number of double-membrane vesicles;(2) enhanced conversion and punctuation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3); and(3) decreased levels of the selective autophagy substrate p62 in a time-dependent manner.Furthermore, promoting autophagy in PM2.5-exposed HUVECs with rapamycin increased the cell survival rate, whereas inhibiting autophagy via 3-methyladenine significantly decreased cell survival. These results demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure can induce cytotoxicity and autophagy in HUVECs and that autophagy play a protective role against PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity. The findings of the present study imply a direct toxic effect of PM2.5 on HUVECs and provide novel insight into the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases caused by PM2.5 exposure.     

小流域综合治理新设计研究——猪沼果模式

近年来,小流域综合治理的主旨思想改变了,其工作重心在于巩固和发展治理开发的成果,提升综合治理的科技含量,增加治理带来的经济效益。于是将小流域的治理与生产联系起来成为了当前科研人员的研究方向。文章对目前部分地区大力推广的"猪-沼-果"模式在小流域治理方面的概念、发展及综合效益等方面做了一些综述。总的来说,猪沼果模式能够增加农村的能源,增加农民收入,并保护绿植,促进小流域治理。     

Utilization of a fumigated sediment by two benthic deposit-feeders:Abra alba (Mollusca: Bivalvia) andEupolymnia nebulosa (Annelida: Polychaeta)

The present study tested the utilization of dead microbial biomass by two benthic deposit-feeders:Abra alba (Wood) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) andEupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu) (Annelida: Polychaeta). Clams were collected in the Canet lagoon during spring 1989. Worms were collected in the Port-Vendres harbour during spring 1989. The¹⁴C-labelled (glutamic acid, 24 h) sediment used during the study was sterilized with 1% chloroform, washed with sterile seawater, and dried (60°C; 48 h). This sterilisation procedure, called fumigation is the least harmful to the sediment (Novitsky 1986). Both clams and worms were incubated in the presence of the fumigated sediment for 5, 10, 20, and 50 h. At the end of each experiment we recorded the radioactivity in four compartments: (1) sediment, (2) dissolved organic matter (DOM), (3) CO₂, and (4) animals. The radioactivity of the sediment was subdivided into five fractions: (i) soluble in 2N HCl, (ii) soluble in hot 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), (iii) soluble in 1N NaOH, (iv) soluble in hot 6N HCl, (v) residual (after combustion in a Leco carbon analyser). In the first set of experiments, after 20 h of incubation, 5.4 and 4.7% of the total radioactivity was taken up by clams and worms, respectively. However, a model revealed that this uptake could have been correlated with the release of radiolabelled DOM (33% of total radioactivity during the first 5 h). In order to test this assumption, we used the same protocol with three additional washes of the fumigated sediment. This resulted in a significantly lower uptake by the clams (1.9% of the total radioactivity byt = 50 h), whereas the worms exhibited an uptake similar to that in the initial experiment (5.1% of total radioactivity byt = 50 h). These results underline the importance of considering interactions with DOM when applying radiotracer techniques to the study of benthic food chains. The average ingestion rates of fumigated sediment byA. alba andE. nebulosa were 5.2 10^–2 mg sediment dry wt mg^–1 clam h^–1 and 3.5 10^–2 mg sediment dry wt mg^–1 worm h^–1, respectively, which is comparable to previous data reported for other deposit-feeding bivalves and polychaetes feeding on natural sediment or detritus. The low radioactivity recorded for CO₂ together with the similarity of the changes in the partitioning of the radioactivity within the sediment between control experiments and experiments carried out in the presence of clams or worms suggest low assimilation efficiencies. Therefore, the present study supports the fact that dead microbial biomass does not constitute an important food source for benthic deposit-feeders.     

Yield and grain quality of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Drabant) exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Drabant) was exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers for two growing seasons, 1987 and 1988, at a site located in south-west Sweden. The chambers were placed in a field of commercially grown spring wheat. The treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) and non-filtered air plus extra ozone (NF(+)). In 1988, one additional ozone concentration (NF(++)) was used. Grain yield was affected by the ozone concentration of the air. Air filtration resulted in an increase in grain yield of about 7% in both years, compared to NF. The addition of ozone (NF(+), NF(++)) reduced grain yield and increased the content of crude protein of the grain in both years. Filtration of the air had no significant effect on the content of crude protein, compared to NF. The results showed a strong positive chamber effect on grain yield in the cold and wet summer of 1987. In 1988, there was no net chamber effect on grain yield. The relative differences between the CF, NF and NF(+) treatments with respect to grain yield were of the same magnitude in the two years, despite the very different weather conditions.     

Plastic pellets, tar, and megalitter on Beirut beaches, 1977-1988

In the spring of 1988, five beaches along the coast of Beirut were surveyed for the presence of plastic pellets, tar, and megalitter--a follow-up to the studies conducted on the coast of Lebanon in 1977 for plastic pellet and tar occurrence, and in 1978 for containers and other megalitter on Beirut beaches. Plastic pellets were more abundant than they were in 1977 on three beaches and less so on two. Tar, however, seemed to occur much more abundantly on all five beaches. Megalitter, chiefly plastic but also paper, metal, and glass, had increased greatly compared with that seen 10 years ago. As in 1977, the unrestricted waste disposal practices of the plastic manufacturers, plus the possible loss of cargo from ships loading and unloading raw materials, are the most likely sources of plastic pellets. The abundance of tar is not surprising, considering that the Mediterranean Sea is tar-polluted and that two oil terminals occur on Lebanon's coast. Further, local gas stations frequently dump oil and grease onto the beaches, and numerous fires have occurred at coastal refineries over the past 10-15 years. All of these factors are likely to contribute to the presence of tar on the beaches. The main source of the vast quantities of megalitter on the beaches is undoubtedly the Lebanese people themselves, due to numerous population shifts and the lack of order and regulatory enforcement as a result of the civil chaos in the country. In addition, the ships docking or waiting for days, and sometimes weeks, to get into the Lebanese ports probably affect the abundance of megalitter (and tar) on the beaches.     

The effect of chronic toxicity of copper on the activity of Balbiani rings and nucleolar organizing region in the salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus ninevah larvae

The effect of copper on the activity of Balbiani rings (BR1 and BR2) and nucleolar organizing region (NOR) in chromosome IV of the salivary gland of the 4th instar larvae of Chironomus ninevah has been investigated. Sublethal concentrations, i.e. 0.02, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 mg litre(-1) suppress the activity of BR1, and are statistically significant. The same concentrations reduced the activity of BR2 and NOR, but without significant differences, except 0.1 mg litre(-1) which was significant. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of chronic toxicity of Cu(2+) on the expression of gene activity of midge salivary gland chromosomes Although there may be many more aquatic organisms that are more sensitive to copper, this midge was selected as a biological indicator species because of its association with benthic sediments.