Photodegradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters in the water of Lake Dianchi,China

Water samples were taken from Lake Dianchi, on the Yungui Plateau of southwest China, and experiments were conducted to simulate the photochemical degradation characteristic of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the lake water. Three groups of experiments under different light conditions: ultraviolet (UV) light, visible light, and dark, were done and variations of fluorescence properties, UV absorbance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during the experiments were analyzed to study the photodegradation process of CDOM with time. The result showed that light irradiation led to significant photochemical degradation of CDOM, resulting in changes in florescent properties, absorbance losses, decreases in aromaticity and average molecular weight, as well as decline in DOC concentration in the water. It was also observed that UV irradiation had greater effect than visible light did. However, various fluorophores had different sensitivities to the same irradiation condition, that is, protein-like fluorophore at the low excitation wavelengths is more sensitive to UV irradiation than the other fluorophores, and is more readily to undergo photo-degradation. In addition, visible light irradiation did not have significant impact on DOC in the water, with DOC concentration decrease by 5.57% –59.9% during the experiment time. These results may provide new knowledge on the environment behavior of CDOM in the water of Lake Dianchi.     

The influence of chlorinated aromatics' structure on their adsorption characteristics on activated carbon to tackle chemical spills in drinking water source

This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption process and tackling chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols spill in drinking water source. The adsorption kinetics and PAC’s capacities for five chlorobenzenes and three chlorophenols at drinking water contamination levels were studied in order to determine the influence of different functional groups on the adsorption behavior. The results showed that PAC adsorption could be used as an effective emergency drinking water treatment process to remove these compounds. The adsorption kinetics took 30 min to achieve nearly equilibrium and could be described by both pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. A mathematic relationship was developed between the pseudo first-order adsorption rate constant, k₁, and the solutes’ properties including lgK_ow, polarizability and molecular weight. The Freundlich isotherm equation could well describe the adsorption equilibrium behaviors of chlorinated aromatics with r² from 0.920 to 0.999. The H-bond donor/acceptor group, hydrophobicity, solubility and molecular volume were identified as important solute properties that affect the PAC adsorption capacity. These results could assist water professionals in removing chlorinated aromatics during emergency drinking water treatment.     

ISO14000标准中重大环境因素的判别方法

建立符合、有效的环境管理体系是组织实施 ISO14000环境管理标准的主要内容,而判别重大环境因素则是这一过程的基础和关键．本文探讨了判别重大环境因素的原则和标准,总结和介绍了多标准综合评价法、等标污染负荷－排污频率法等重大环境因素判别方法．     

高速铁路发展对隧道衬砌形式的影响

选取不同的隧道衬砌形式,可促使高速列车通过时产生的压力波迅速衰减,进而有效缓解高速列车通过隧道产生的空气动力学效应。从分析高速铁路隧道中的空气动力学问题及其影响因素入手,综述现有减缓措施及其弊端,提出从衬砌形式方面消减隧道中压力波的可行性;最后,对高铁隧道衬砌形式的发展方向做出合理设想,对未来高铁隧道衬砌形式的选取具有参考价值。     

三峡库区典型排污口河段污染物扩散降解特性研究

为减轻三峡库区长寿—涪陵段水环境污染,改善区域水质,建立了以水动力-水质模型为基础的区域关键排污口的筛选分析方法。采用三维数值模型EFDC对研究区域内污染物的超标面积进行模拟计算,并对污染物扩散降解特性进行分析,利用单位污染物负荷超标面积分析不同排污口污染物迁移扩散的差异,进行流域重点排污口的分析筛选。从改善整体河流水质出发,分析了各排污口位置的合理性。结果表明,支流回水区内排污口的混合区面积比干流河段处排污口要大,顺直江段处的排污口的混合区面积较弯段内侧处排污口要小。排污口应选在流速和水深较大的顺直河段,避免选择支流回水区。     

基于动态风险平衡的海洋平台事故连锁风险研究

针对海洋平台事故风险特点,提出动态风险平衡概念,以此建立事故动力模型,并将该模型运用到墨西哥湾"深水地平线"井喷事故。动态风险平衡表征事故动力与事故阻力之间的动态平衡状态,具有动态性和暂时稳定性。事故动力模型以海洋平台可能发生的重大事故为研究对象,从工艺、技术和管理等角度分析事故可能致因和事故发展可能影响因素。该模型首先分析对象的初始事故动力,建立事故连锁风险图,然后计算初始动力发生情况下,传递动力和传递阻力的概率分布,最后提出相应风险控制措施。实例分析表明,基于动态风险平衡建立的事故动力模型能有效分析海洋平台事故连锁风险。     

SWAT模型在三峡库区流域非点源污染模拟的适用性研究

将SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型应用于库区大尺度流域的污染模拟研究,对其进行适用性评价及模拟应用分析。模型校验采用的是2002—2008年的水文月数据及水质水期数据,径流模拟效果最好,评价指标ENS(Nash-Suttclife Efficiency)均在0.9以上;泥沙模拟评价指标ENS在0.46~0.9;营养盐模拟评价指标ENS个别出现了<0.36的情况,但总体模拟效果满足要求。应用SWAT模型对库区降水与地表产流、产沙、营养盐负荷进行了研究。结果表明:库区地表产流与降水的相关性趋势最好;地表产沙与产流、降水的总体趋势一致,但偶尔出现4、5月份地表产沙先于产流出现峰值的情况,这可能是由于春耕对地表扰动后又逢较强降水引起的水土流失;营养盐污染负荷尤其是TP的峰值趋势与地表产流相比,更接近地表产沙趋势。本文还对库区不同土地利用类型的污染负荷做了分析,得到各类土地利用类型的年均污染负荷总量排序及单位面积污染负荷,再次验证了SWAT模型在三峡库区流域的适用性。根据分析结果,库区耕地为非点源污染产出的主要源头,可将耕地耕种措施转变及土地利用类型转换作为库区非点源污染削减的重要手段。     

基于系统动力学的三峡库区流域水污染控制模拟

为协调水环境保护与经济发展的关系,在充分考虑经济发展与水环境污染治理现状的基础上,构建了三峡库区流域水污染控制系统动力学模型,通过对决策变量的不同取值,设置了4种发展方案进行仿真模拟和分析.结果表明:方案1和2都保持了较高的经济发展速度,但都以牺牲环境为代价;方案3保护了环境,却减缓了经济发展速度;只有方案4在经济发展的同时兼顾环境保护,是实现三峡库区流域社会、经济和环境可持续发展的最佳模式.     

Evaluation for sustainable land use in coastal areas: A landscape ecological prospect

Evaluation of sustainability is the core of research on sustainable land use. To a certain extent, traditional social, economic and ecological evaluation for sustainable land use can be regarded as an appraisal on the temporal scale without evaluation of spatial patterns. Landscape ecology can help to realize spatial evaluation for sustainable land use. In this paper, we construct landscape ecological indicators for evaluating sustainable coastal land use from the aspects of landscape productivity, threats and stability, to realize a synthetic temporal-spatial evaluation. These cover the five pillars of sustainable land use, i.e. productivity, security, protection, viability and acceptability. The results of applying landscape ecological evaluation to a case study in Wudi County in China show that land use sustainability is somewhat low and there are great regional differences between its 11 villages. We classified the 11 villages into 5 grades: strong sustainable land use, sustainable land use, weak sustainable land use, weak unsustainable land use, and strong unsustainable land use. Each grade has different land use characteristics and differs in the counter-measures required. But the core countermeasures in all the grades are to improve landscape productivity, to reduce human threats and to optimize landscape patterns.     

Combination system of full-scale constructed wetlands and wetland paddy fields to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from rural unregulated non-point sources

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used effectively to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from non-point sources. Effluents of some CWs were, however, still with high N and P concentrations and remained to be pollution sources. Widely distributed paddy fields can be exploited to alleviate this concern. We were the first to investigate a combination system of three-level CWs with wetland paddy fields in a full scale to remove N and P from rural unregulated non-point sources. The removal efficiencies (REs) of CWs reached 57.3 % (37.4–75.1 %) for N and 76.3 % (62.0–98.4 %) for P. The CWs retained about 1,278 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 and 121 kg P ha^?1 year^?1. There was a notable seasonal change in REs of N and P, and the REs were different in different processing components of CWs. The removal rates of wetland paddy fields adopt “zero-drainage” water management according to local rainfall forecast and physiological water demand of crop growth reached 93.2 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 and 5.4 kg P ha^?1 year^?1. The rice season had higher potential in removing N and P than that in the wheat season. The whole combined system (0.56 ha CWs and 5.5 ha wetland paddy fields) removed 1,790 kg N year^?1 and 151 kg P year^?1, which were higher than those from CWs functioned alone. However, another 4.7-ha paddy fields were needed to fully remove the N and P in the effluents of CWs. The combination of CWs and paddy fields proved to be a more efficient nutrient removal system.