微电解-Fenton联合工艺预处理煤层气井压裂废水

利用Fenton强化微电解工艺对煤层气井压裂废水展开预处理研究,以COD去除率和可生化性(B/C)为考察指标,单独工艺正交实验结果表明pH为3、反应时间为90 min、铁碳体积比为1.5∶1和pH为4、反应时间为80 min、H2O2投加量为4 mL/L分别是微电解与Fenton反应的最优条件,各可获得48.1%和44.9%的COD去除率。在最优条件下进行微电解-Fenton联合运行实验,连续61 h内COD去除率均稳定在65%以上,B/C由0.158上升到0.3以上,有利于后续生化处理的运行。     

水平潜流人工湿地在不同水力负荷下的水力效率及可视化分析

构建水平潜流人工湿地装置,通过NaCl示踪脉冲实验,得到不同水力负荷条件下的水力停留时间分布密度曲线,根据不同停留时间的关系计算相对水力效率,并利用染料,进行不同水力负荷下的可视化示踪实验,通过MATLAB处理得到高对比度的流态图像。观察"死区"分布,计算"死区"相对面积用以表征其水力效率。结果表明,湿地装置进水水力负荷较高或较低时,水力效率均较低,且水力负荷较大时更明显;水力分布散度(σ2θ)的大小会对水平潜流人工湿地水力效率造成较大影响;在不同水力负荷下,采用水力学效能(λ)所得到的排序结果相比短路值(s)和有效体积比(e)更能代表实际水平潜流人工湿地的水力效率。     

改性壳聚糖复合凹凸棒土絮凝油漆废水

将壳聚糖、阳离子淀粉和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)进行三元接枝共聚,制备了三元接枝改性壳聚糖(CTS-DMDAAC-CS),通过红外光谱和扫描电镜对其结构进行了表征。并且将三元接枝改性壳聚糖与凹凸棒土进行优化复配,对油漆废水进行了絮凝实验,得出了当pH=12,沉降时间为20 min,复合絮凝剂投加量为0.2 g,三元接枝共聚物∶凹凸棒土=1∶10时,该复合絮凝剂对油漆去除率最佳能够达到89.3%,并且絮凝效果好,是一种新型绿色环保的有机-无机复合絮凝剂。     

生物滴滤塔处理氯苯废气的工艺性能

将活性污泥培养及驯化后接种于生物滴滤塔中,挂膜启动后处理模拟氯苯废气（简称氯苯废气）,考察了生物滴滤塔在挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段的性能。实验结果表明：接种41 d后生物滴滤塔成功挂膜,此时氯苯去除率稳定在90%以上;生物滴滤塔稳定运行阶段,随着进气中氯苯质量浓度由303.82 mg/m³逐渐增至1 489.05 mg/m³,氯苯去除率从85.1%降至70.1%。处理氯苯废气适宜的工艺条件为：空塔停留时间超过45 s,喷淋液流量31.8 mL/min,氯苯负荷23.97~128.01 g/（m³·h）。生物滴滤塔对喷淋液的酸性环境有较好的适应性,喷淋液pH的变化对氯苯去除率无显著影响。     

林火烈度评价及其空间异质性研究进展

回顾了林火烈度评价的方法,包括单因素评价、综合评价和遥感技术的应用等;综述了林火烈度空间异质性的最新研究进展;展望了林火烈度及其空间异质性研究的未来发展趋势。     

三峡工程蓄水后荆江河段河势变化及生态护岸研究

三峡工程蓄水以来,进入长江中下游河道的水沙过程发生明显改变,从而导致中下游河道尤其是荆江河段冲刷、崩塌,局部河段河势调整较为剧烈,并导致主流顶冲部位发生变化,可能会引起新的崩岸发生。分析了荆江河段河势变化特点,列举了各种传统护岸方法,分析了传统护岸的特点和适用性,针对传统护岸工程的不足,提出生态护岸理念,在满足整体性、稳定性、适应变形等要求下,采取工程措施与植物措施共同护岸,并为河道与河岸之间水分交换提供条件,建立了水生生态系统和陆地生态系统之间的联系,实现了河流原本完整的结构和作为生态廊道的功能,进而保证整个生态系统的稳定,有利于生态环境的保护和水土保持,实现生态理念,满足生态需要,达到人与自然和谐发展。     

Temperature-dependent sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on natural and treated sediments

In aqueous environment temperature is considered to play a significant role in the sorption process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its influence on the sorption equilibrium is indicative of sorption energies and mechanisms. In this study, sorptions of five PAHs on three heterogeneous sorbents including one river sediment (YHR), one estuary sediment (YRD) and one treated sediment with organic matter removed (IM) were carried out at a range of temperature from 5 °C to 35 °C. Stronger sorptions were observed at lower temperatures, with the equilibrium sorption coefficient K_d increasing 2-5 times as the temperature decreases 30 °C. The increase of K_d value was attributed primarily to the change of PAH water solubility, which predicted 40-75% of the increase of K_d in the sorption process. To provide insight into the sorption mechanism, enthalpy change (ΔH_S) for the sorption process was calculated and the values were observed to be negative for all of the interactions, suggesting that the exothermal sorption of PAHs inversely dependents on temperature. Based on the values of ΔH_S, van der Waals forces were inferred as the main sorption mechanism for the PAHs, especially on the YHR sediment which contained more organic matter. For sorption of larger size PAHs on the sorbents with low organic matter, specific interactions were deduced to contribute to the overall sorption.     

基于投入产出法的中国出口产品隐含碳测算

使用投入产出法,利用1999 -2008年中国海关货物出口商品分类数据,研究和测算了中国出口商品中的隐含碳.研究结果显示,中国是隐含碳的出口大国,出口贸易是中国CO2排放量逐年增长的重要原因.1999 - 2008年,我国出口产品中的隐含碳由1999年的3.8亿t上升至2008年的11.9亿t,在此期间,中国CO2年排放量的12％ -24％是因生产满足国际市场消费的产品而产生的.中国出口产品中的隐含碳主要集中在5大类行业,分别为:纺织业及服装鞋帽制造业、化学医药制造业、黑色及有色金属冶炼和压延加工业、通用及专用机械设备、电气机械及器材制造业.这5大类行业的出口产品中的隐含碳在中国出口产品的隐含碳总量中占到80％左右.中国出口产品隐含碳的主要流向是美国、欧盟和日本.在实证研究结果的基础上,本文认为国际社会应从生产者负责制和消费者负责制相结合的角度界定各国的碳排放责任和减排目标;同时建议我国应提高生产技术,降低产品的能源消耗强度,并限制能源密集型产业产品的出口.     

Field controlled experiments of mercury accumulation in crops from air and soil

Field open top chambers (OTCs) and soil mercury (Hg) enriched experiments were employed to study the influence of Hg concentrations in air and soil on the Hg accumulation in the organs of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results showed that Hg concentrations in foliages were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with air Hg concentrations but insignificantly correlated with soil Hg concentrations, indicating that Hg in crop foliages was mainly from air. Hg concentrations in roots were generally correlated with soil Hg concentrations (p < 0.05) but insignificantly correlated with air Hg concentrations, indicating that Hg in crop roots was mainly from soil. No significant correlations were found between Hg concentrations in stems and those in air and soil. However, Hg concentrations in upper stems were usually higher than those in bottom stems, implying air Hg might have stronger influence than soil Hg on stem Hg accumulation.     

Removal of 2-chlorophenol from water using rice-straw derived ash

Removal of 2-chlorophenol from water using rice-straw derived ash (RSDA) was evaluated in this study to compare with commercial activated carbon. RSDA was obtained by burning rice-straw at 400 °C and 700 °C for 1 h. This ash can provide a better adsorbent for 2-chlorophenol. The adsorption capacities of RSDA at 400 °C and 700 °C are 37 and 52 mg g?1 at pH 4, respectively, and decrease to 9.0 and 40 mg g?1 at pH 10. Adsorption of either neutral or anionic 2-cholorphenol by the RSDA are shown as L-shaped nonlinear isotherms, suggesting surface adsorption rather than partitioning is occurring. At higher-burning temperatures, the surface area, porosity, point of zero charge and aromaticity of the resultant RSDA increase, but the oxygen content and surface acidity decrease. The combined effects result in a higher 2-chlorophenol adsorption of RSDA at 700 °C, which shows a slight pH effect on the adsorption of 2-chlorophenol, due to the lower content of oxygen-containing functional groups. Oxygen-containing functional groups contribute to surface acidity and H-bonding sites for adsorbed water, which compromises the interaction between 2-chlorophenol and the adsorbents. Thus, it suggests that rice-straw derived carbon (RSDC) can be used as an effective low-cost substitute material for activated carbon for removal of chlorophenols from wastewater.