Grazing greatly reduces the temporal stability of soil cellulolytic fungal community in a steppe on the Tibetan Plateau

Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important indicator of the degradation process for soil organic matter, remain less well understood. Using T-RFLP and sequencing methods, we investigated the effects of grazing on the temporal changes of cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure in dry steppe soils during the growing months from May to September, on the Tibetan Plateau using T-RFLP and sequencing methods. The results demonstrated that the abundance of soil cellulolytic fungi under grazing treatment changed significantly from month to month, and was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil pH. Contrastingly, cellulolytic fungal abundance did not change within the fencing treatment (ungrazed conditions). Cellulolytic fungal community structure changed significantly in the growing months in grazed soils, but did not change in fenced soils. Grazing played a key role in determining the community structure of soil cellulolytic fungi by explaining 8.1% of the variation, while pH and DOC explained 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Phylogenetically, the cellulolytic fungi were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota (69.65% in relative abundance) and Basidiomycota (30.35%). Therefore, grazing substantially reduced the stability of soil cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure, as compared with the fencing treatment. Our finding provides a new insight into the responses of organic matter-decomposing microbes for grassland managements.     

微塑料对牟氏角毛藻的毒理效应

本文选取聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）和聚苯乙烯（PS）微粒作为目标污染物,探讨其不同浓度（50 mg/L、100 mg/L和200 mg/L）和不同粒径（100 μm、175 μm和250 μm）对受试生物牟氏角毛藻（Chaetoceros muelleri）的影响。结果表明,3种粒径和浓度的微塑料（PET 和 PS ）均对微藻细胞密度产生抑制作用,PET（100 μm,200 mg/L）和PS（100 μm,200 mg/L）对微藻产生的最大抑制率分别为 37.3% 和 32.5%。微塑料浓度越大,对藻细胞密度的抑制作用越强;而粒径变化对藻细胞密度的抑制作用未呈现明显规律。PET对牟氏角毛藻细胞干重的影响较小,与对照组相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,PS则对牟氏角毛藻细胞干重无影响。微塑料对牟氏角毛藻叶绿素a（Chl a）的抑制作用与其类型和暴露时间有关。PET对Chl a起抑制作用,PS则起促进作用。     

基于内容分析法的河流健康内涵及表征

运用内容分析法对近10~15年中外文献中有影响力的36个河流健康概念进行分析,经过样本选取、指标提取、量化处理等过程提炼出最频繁出现的能代表其内涵的6个标准,即：维持结构完整性、自然生态功能发挥、满足人类社会合理需求、处于良好状态、河流管理工具和目标、建立河流基准状态。基于此,对河流健康概念进行了重新架构：河流健康是指河流生态系统特定的良好状况,可以作为河流基准状态以及河流管理的目标,在这一状态下,河流生态系统能够维持其生态系统结构完整性,充分发挥其自然生态功能,并满足人类社会合理需求,提供相应的社会服务功能。通过对30个有关河流健康表征指标及评价方法的文献进行分析,识别生物指标、水质参数、形态结构、河床底质、水文条件以及河岸带状况等是目前使用最广泛的6个指标,指出河流健康的表征指标及评价标准应根据区域特征、人类活动影响以及功能定位而有所差异。     

鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤-植物系统重金属沿湖向富集及迁移转换特征分析

特殊的水文节律导致鄱阳湖形成面积较大的周期性环湖消落带,大量的营养物质和污染物极易在消落带中发生沉积,选择鄱阳湖典型河口型消落带,沿湖向按照不同植被类型设置采样断面,采集土壤-沉积物和优势植物样品(不同组织),分析不同时空下土壤/沉积物和优势植物体中重金属(Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Cd、 Sb和Pb)的含量特征及富集水平,并进一步分析土壤-植物系统中重金属的迁移转换特征,揭示鄱阳湖典型消落带土壤-植物系统重金属迁移转换的影响因素.结果表明,消落带土壤/沉积物重金属含量沿湖向表现为明显的分布规律,呈现为先升高后降低的分布特征,即季节性淹水带土壤/沉积物是重金属富集的主要地带,Cu、 Pb和Sb在土壤/沉积物中的富集水平较高,其中Cu和Sb为显著富集(EF>5);潜在生态风险结果表明季节性淹水带总体处于轻度生态危害水平(70≤RI<140),显著高于淹水带和未淹水带.消落带沿湖向带状分布的优势植物体中重金属含量并未表现出显著的空间分布特征,但表现为显著的季节差异,生长季(4月)优势植物体内重金属具有较高的含量水平,重金属不同介质和组织的分配大体遵循基质>根...     

血压监护系统的电路分析和印刷电路板设计

本文介绍了血压监护系统的电路设计,其中前端电路的设计采用差分多级放大电路,达到放大的效果。应用PSpice软件对滤波电路进行了仿真,得到了带通滤波器的通带频率,验证了滤波器设计的可行性。同时本文对血压监护系统印刷电路板中电磁兼容问题进行了研究,对血压监护系统电路板的布局布线规则进行了规划和设计。     

Copper leaching of MSWI bottom ash co-disposed with refuse: Effect of short-term accelerated weathering

Co-disposal of refuse with municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash (IBA) either multi-layered as landfill cover or mixed with refuse could pose additional risk to the environment because of enhanced leaching of heavy metals, especially Cu. This study applied short-term accelerated weathering to IBA, and monitored the mineralogical and chemical properties of IBA during the weathering process. Cu extractability of the weathered IBA was then evaluated using standard leaching protocols (i.e. SPLP and TCLP) and co-disposal leaching procedure. The results showed that weathering had little or no beneficial effect on Cu leaching in SPLP and TCLP, which can be explained by the adsorption and complexation of Cu with DOM. However, the Cu leaching of weathered IBA was reduced significantly when situated in fresh simulated landfill leachate. This was attributed to weakening Cu complexation with fulvic acid or hydrophilic fractions and/or intensifying Cu absorption to neoformed hydr(oxide) minerals in weathered IBA. The amount of total leaching Cu and Cu in free or labile complex fraction (the fraction with the highest mobility and bio-toxicity) of the 408-h weathered IBA were remarkably decreased by 86.3% and 97.6% in the 15-day co-disposal leaching test. Accelerated weathering of IBA may be an effective pretreatment method to decrease Cu leaching prior to its co-disposal with refuse.     

大中型风机叶轮前盘的简易旋压成形

提出了一种适用于单件或小批量生产大中型风机叶轮前盘的新工艺——滚轮芯模简易旋压成形工艺,这种工艺经济实用,简便易行,可在一定范围内推广应用。     

Measurement of air exchange rates in different indoor environments using continuous CO2 sensors

A new air exchange rate (AER) monitoring method using continuous CO₂ sensors was developed and validated through both laboratory experiments and field studies. Controlled laboratory simulation tests were conducted in a 1-m³ environmental chamber at different AERs (0.1-10.0 hr^-1). AERs were determined using the decay method based on box model assumptions. Field tests were conducted in classrooms, dormitories, meeting rooms and apartments during 2-5 weekdays using CO₂ sensors coupled with data loggers. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentrations were continuously monitored while outdoor parameters combined with on-site climate conditions were recorded. Statistical results indicated that good laboratory performance was achieved: duplicate precision was within 10%, and the measured AERs were 90%-120% of the real AERs. Average AERs were 1.22, 1.37, 1.10, 1.91 and 0.73 hr^-1 in dormitories, air-conditioned classrooms, classrooms with an air circulation cooling system, reading rooms, and meeting rooms, respectively. In an elderly particulate matter exposure study, all the homes had AER values ranging from 0.29 to 3.46 hr??1 in fall, and 0.12 to 1.39 hr^-1 in winter with a median AER of 1.15.     

Ce-MCM-22分子筛的合成与吸附动力学研究

采用静态水热晶化法,以硅溶胶为硅源、六亚甲基亚胺(HMI)为模板剂,通过掺杂Ce合成了具有MWW层状结构的Ce-MCM-22分子筛。并利用粉末X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法对其进行了表征,对其进行了吸附动力学的研究。研究表明,Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟一级方程为y=-0.028 1x-0.136,R2=0.983 4。Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟二级方程为y=0.465 7x+1.2005,R2=0.999 5,说明拟二级反应模型更能真实地反映分子筛吸附亚甲蓝溶液的反应机理。