Identification and characterization of Fe3O4/peroxodisulfate advanced oxidation products from sulfameter

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the most widely used antibiotics and their residuals in the environment could cause some negative environmental issues. Advanced oxidation such as Fenton-like reaction has been widely applied in the treatment of SAs polluted water. Degradation rates of 95%-99.7% were achieved in this work for the tested 8 SAs, including sulfisomidine, sulfameter (SME), phthalylsulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfisoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, and sulfadimethoxine, in the Fe₃O₄/peroxodisulfate (PDS) oxidation system after the optimization of PDS concentration and pH. Meanwhile, it was found that a lot of unknown oxidation products were formed, which brought up the uncertainty of health risks to the environment, and the identification of these unknown products was critical. Therefore, SME was selected as the model compound, from which the oxidation products were never elucidated, to identify these intermediates/products. With liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), 10 new products were identified, in which 2-amino-5-methoxypyrimidine (AMP) was confirmed by its standard. The investigation of the oxidation process of SME indicated that most of the products were not stable and the degradation pathways were very complicated as multiple reactions, such as oxidation of the amino group, SO₂ extrusion, and potential cross-reaction occurred simultaneously. Though most of the products were not verified due to the lack of standards, our results could be helpful in the evaluation of the treatment performance of SAs containing wastewater.     

丁二烯过氧化物的生成、危害及安全性研究

综述了国内外丁二烯过氧化物研究进展，主要包括丁二烯过氧化物的危害性、成因、危险评价和热稳定性，并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Ralstonia sp.strain U2菌株对萘的趋化作用

一株降解萘的细菌Ralstonia sp. strain U2对萘具有趋化现象,萘、水杨酸都可以作为其对萘产生趋化现象的诱导物.U2菌对水杨酸、龙胆酸同样都具有趋化性,但这种趋化性是组成型的,不需要诱导.图3参22     

推进GIS在环境规划中应用的探讨

本文在分析了地理信息系统引入环境规划带来的优越性的基础上，通过对目前我国环境领域中ＧＩＳ应用现状及实例研究，得出要深化ＧＩＳ在我国环境科学中的应用，就必须加强ＧＩＳ上的模型分析，并最终建立起ＧＩＳ模型库。     

同步辐射技术在环境纳米金属组学研究中的应用

随着我国工业的发展,在工业产值不断提升的同时,向环境中释放出的各类污染物也逐渐增加,其中包括多种金属纳米颗粒物。这些金属纳米颗粒物进入大气、水源及土壤中,累积到一定程度引起环境安全问题;进一步可被动植物所吸收,经过食物链富集和传递,造成直接或间接人体暴露,危害人体健康。环境纳米金属组学,研究的范畴主要涉及自然或人为因素产生的金属纳米颗粒在环境介质和生物有机体中的生物/化学行为、转化归趋,并且据此评价金属纳米颗粒物的环境安全性及其生物健康效应。随着对金属纳米颗粒环境效应研究的不断深入,对传统的研究方法提出了更多的挑战。同步辐射具有高亮度、高准直和宽频谱等特性,在金属元素分析方面具有无可比拟的优势。本文主要介绍了同步辐射技术,如同步辐射X射线荧光分析技术(SR-XRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱技术(SR-XAS)等,在金属纳米颗粒物的环境行为及其生物健康效应研究中的应用;结合本实验室及国内外的一些研究工作,阐述了同步辐射技术应用于环境纳米金属组学研究领域所取得的一些新进展,以期为拓展同步辐射技术在环境金属纳米颗粒物分析的应用研究提供参考价值。     

梯级水库群环境风险分析

为提高梯级水库群环境风险管理水平,加强流域生态环境保护,以溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库为研究对象,基于灾害系统理论和系统动力学,对溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库环境风险进行了系统梳理,辨识了梯级水库环境风险承载体、风险源、风险诱因,分析了环境风险传递机理,采用贝叶斯理论进行库区水体藻类爆发概率计算。结果表明:溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库环境风险通过水流、电流、系统动力学流进行传播,并会影响到电站机组和水工建筑物的安全,由于水动力减弱和库区污染物排放,导致库区水体藻类爆发概率为2.42%,死鱼概率为1.21%,在此基础上,绘制环境风险传递拓扑图,并提出相应的环境风险管控措施。     

关于水污染物排放总量的核定

系统分析了水污染物排放总量核定不同层次的信息关联和相关的特征信息间的相互关系，指出城市是最基本的总量核定对象；阐述了现行环境监测与环境管理制度对水污染物排放总量核定存在着不完全信息问题；指出环境管理部门不掌握的部分排污总量信息对总量控制整体的影响相当大，应对排污总量进行全面、科学的核定。     

Effects of butachlor on microbial populations and enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor (n-butoxymethlchloro -2', 6'-diethylacetnilide) on microbial populations, respiration, nitrogen fixation and nitrification, and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil. The results showed that the number of actinomycetes declined significantly after the application of butachlor at different concentrations ranging from 5.5 microg g(-1) to 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil, while that of bacteria and fungi increased. Fungi were easily affected by butachlor compared to the bacteria. The growth of fungi was retarded by butachlor at higher concentrations. Butachlor however, stimulated the growth of anaerobic hydrolytic fermentative bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and denitrifying bacteria. The increased concentration of butachlor applied resulted in the higher number of SRB. Butachlor inhibited the growth of hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria. The effect of butachlor varied on methane-producing bacteria (MPB) at different concentrations. Butachlor at the concentration of 1.0 microg g(-1) dried soil or less than this concentration accelerated the growth of MPB, while at 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil showed an inhibition. Butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations. The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil of butachlor. The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by butachlor. The soil respiration was depressed during the period from several days to more than 20 days, depending on concentrations of butachlor applied. Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.     

黄河兰州段沉积物对水体中萘的吸附行为及影响

为研究典型有机污染物在黄河兰州段沉积物的吸附规律及影响,以黄河兰州段的沉积物为供试样品,选择萘（naphthalene）为代表性有机污染物,采用批量试验法研究了污染物萘在黄河沉积物上的吸附动力学、吸附热力学、初始质量浓度、pH、离子强度、粒径等影响因素以及解吸动力学.结果表明:黄河沉积物对萘的吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学模型,且吸附过程主要分为快吸附（0~4 h）和慢吸附（4~8 h）两个阶段,在8 h左右达到平衡;Freundlich模型能较好地拟合热力学吸附特征.在25~45℃的温度范围内,E（吸附平均自由能）为0.288~0.316 kJ/mol（< 8 kJ/mol）,吸附过程中,ΔGθ（吉布斯自由能）小于0,ΔSθ（熵变）与ΔHθ（焓变）均大于0,说明萘在黄河沉积物上的吸附是一个自发的混乱度增大的吸热过程,且以物理吸附为主.影响因素分析结果显示,随着沉积物粒径的增大,萘在其上的吸附量逐渐减小;增大吸附体系中的离子强度时,萘在沉积物上的吸附过程受到抑制;当萘初始浓度增大时,吸附量增加;酸性条件抑制吸附过程,碱性环境促进吸附过程;黄河沉积物对萘的解吸量远小于吸附量,存在解吸滞后现象.研究显示,萘在黄河沉积物中的吸附速率受内部扩散、表面吸附和液膜扩散的共同影响,并且吸附过程同时受到沉积物粒径和溶液的pH和离子强度的影响.      

氧化处理水中典型酚类污染物研究进展

环境激素是一类能干扰人类和动物正常内分泌的外源性物质,对生物体的生理过程产生很大的危害。本文介绍了水处理中,典型酚类污染物氧化剂降解技术的机理、特点、应用以及局限性,主要介绍了Fenton试剂、O3、二氧化氯等氧化剂及高铁酸钾新型氧化剂在酚类废水处理中的应用。并指出了复合氧化剂、新型氧化剂与其他水处理技术的联合应用将是酚类废水氧化处理的发展方向。