溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活性和组织损伤的初步探索

采用不同质量浓度的溴氰菊酯(0.0070 mg·L~(-1)、0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1)、0.027 mg·L~(-1))对菲律宾蛤仔进行20 d半静置染毒,测定不同时间淋巴液中乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)和钠离子-钾离子-三磷酸腺苷酶(Na~+-K~+-ATPase)活性、鳃和肝脏中谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性的变化,并观察染毒20 d后鳃丝组织和消化盲囊组织的损伤情况。酶活性分析结果显示,与对照组相比,低浓度组(0.0070 mg·L~(-1))试验期间酶活性均无显著差异(P0.05);中浓度组(0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase均呈先激活后抑制的变化规律(P0.05),鳃和肝脏中GST活性均呈上升趋势(P0.05);高浓度组(0.027mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase、肝脏中GST活性在试验期间持续下降(P0.01),而鳃中GST活性呈先抑制后升高的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,低中浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内的酶活性表现为先诱导后抑制,具有明显的时间、剂量效应;高浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活持续抑制,且染毒浓度越高,组织细胞变异越显著,表现为鳃丝上皮细胞纤毛层萎缩、纤毛脱落,消化盲囊上皮细胞膨胀,出现包涵体样结构。     

混合酸浸提—原子吸收法测定土壤中铜

建立了混合酸浸提对土壤样品进行前处理,并运用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法(FAAS)分析土壤中铜的方法。结果表明:最佳前处理条件为混合酸HNO 3+HCl(1+1),浸提温度100℃,浸提时间120 min。该方法前处理简单,测定快速、结果准确,同时经多次进行加标试验验证,其结果样品测定相对标准偏差为2.2%,其回收率为95%~101%,方法可行,应用于土壤样品的微量元素分析。     

遥感与地理信息系统一体化技术在重大自然灾害监测与评估中的应用

本文结合国家“八五”科技攻关的实例，阐述了遥感和地理信息系统技术在重大突发性自然灾害监测与评估中的作用和良好效益，并提出今后着重的三个方面：建立国家自然灾害监测与评估中心；解决关键性的技术问题，牢固用户观点。     

Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on quality of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) wintering habitat

The core zone of the Yancheng National Natural Reserve (YNNR) in China is the largest wintering habitat of red-crowned cranes (cranes) in the world. However, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) not only changed the original landscape structure of the wetlands but also impacted the cranes’ habitats in the YNNR. In this paper, field investigation data and landscape pattern indices were used to analyze the effects of the S. alterniflora invasion on the habitat quality of wintering cranes. The results indicate that the seep weed (Suaeda salsa) in the natural wetland and the common reed (Phragmites australis) in the managed wetland both provide suitable habitats for cranes. However, the cranes prefer the natural wetland more. The explosive growth of S. alterniflora in the natural area has led to a significant reduction of the cranes’ habitat. The area of crane habitat decreased from 52.07 km² in 2000 to 22.36 km² in 2015. As a result of the S. alterniflora invasion, the benthic biomass has declined, which has negatively impacted the quantity and structure of the food utilized by the cranes. This study has both theoretical and practical significance and provides a scientific basis for protecting the wintering habitat of the red-crowned cranes.

     

Copper recovery from leach solution of waste printed circuit boards by pulse current electrodeposition

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards is of great significance to protect natural resource and environment. Direct current...     

城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术的实验研究

城市生活垃圾的焚烧发电和生物质能的利用是目前倍受关注的两个研究领域.以华北某垃圾发电厂为依托,对城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术进行了广泛的实验研究.结果表明:掺烧质量百分比为14%时,垃圾发电机组的效率达到最佳;混烧后烟气中的颗粒物浓度和二恶英浓度有很大的降低,SO2和NOx等酸性气体的浓度略有增加,但仍满足排放要求;单炉直接经济效益711.15元/h.该研究成果对今后垃圾发电厂的运营和生物质能的利用具有一定的工程参考价值.     

沈阳市铁西区水污染物排放总量的核定

系统分析、核定了沈阳市铁西区水污染物排放总量,通过对排污总量的可靠性分析和度量,提出了提高系统信息可靠性的监测与改进建议.认为加强泵站信息的监测与调查有利于对重金属类污染物实施总量控制;而且,在此基础上追加细河黄蜡坨子断面的监测不仅可以清晰识别细河入浑河的排污量,而且可以对有机污染物进行总量控制作出有针对性的、及时的反应.     

Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH₃ and NO_x, are the most harmful to human health. China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources. Thus, it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions. This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years. These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles, ships, airports, the chemical industry, and electric power generation. Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving, but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated. Meanwhile, the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations. According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China, some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized. Furthermore, more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.     

响应面法优化重金属絮凝剂MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件

以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和巯基乙酸(TGA)为主要原料,经羟甲基化反应和酰胺化反应将巯基接枝到PAM分子链上,制备出具有重金属螯合能力的絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM). 以含Cu(Ⅱ)水样为考察对象,采用响应面法中的CCD试验对MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件进行优化. 结果表明:①试验值与响应值的点基本呈线性,决定系数R2值为0.915 4,残差服从正态分布,说明模型的合理性和拟合性均较好;模型的F值为12.75,P值为0.000 2(<0.001),表明模型非常显著. ②水样初始pH(X₁)、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度(X₂)、MAMPAM投加量/Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度(X₃)的P值分别为0.003 4、0.073 2、0.000 5,说明X₁、X₃为显著影响因素,X₂为不显著影响因素. 通过响应面分析,X₁X₃、X₂X₃之间的交互作用显著,X₁X₂之间的交互作用不显著. ③通过模型验证得到最佳絮凝条件为软件推荐的絮凝条件,即水样初始pH为5.8、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度为65.6 mg/L、MAMPAM投加量与Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度的比值为3.7∶1,在此条件下试验测得的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为95.05%,模型预测的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为98.52%,相对偏差为?3.52%. 研究显示,利用响应面法优化MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件可行.      

基于逸度方法的辽东湾海水-沉积物中多环芳烃扩散行为

为研究辽东湾PAHs（多环芳烃）在海水-沉积物之间的扩散行为,于2014年5月对辽东湾14个采样点海水和沉积物中的16种PAHs进行了调查研究,并采用逸度方法、变异系数、响应系数等统计和计算方法对研究结果进行分析.结果表明:辽东湾海水中ρ（∑PAHs）和沉积物中w（PAHs）的平均变异系数分别为0.25和0.39,属于中等变异,高分子量PAHs的变异系数高于低分子量PAHs;利用ff（逸度分数）评估PAHs在海水-沉积物间的扩散行为,Nap（萘）、Acp（苊）和Fl（芴）表现出从沉积物向海水释放,沉积物是二次释放源;Ace（二氢苊）、Phe（菲）、An（蒽）、Flu（荧蒽）、Pyr（芘）、BaA（苯并[a]蒽）、Chr（?）在海水-沉积物之间接近平衡状态,5环和6环PAHs则表现出从海水向沉积物沉降富集,沉积物是汇;有机碳和碳黑是影响PAHs在沉积物和海水之间扩散的重要参数.研究显示,7种潜在致癌PAHs[BaA、Chr、BbF（苯并[b]荧蒽）、BkF（苯并[k]荧蒽）、BaP（苯并[a]芘）、InP（茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘）和DbA（二苯并[a,h]蒽）]海水-沉积物之间的扩散行为可能受到陆源排污和海上石油开发活动的影响.