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351.
防洪工程信任对公众水灾风险认知的影响初探——基于长江流域部分地区问卷调查的分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究影响公众自然灾害风险认知的因素,有助于寻找风险因子,为加强风险沟通与理解、制定风险管理策略提供基础依据。防洪工程作为人类抵御水灾的重要手段,具备使公众对其产生信任动机的条件,成为影响公众水灾风险认知的重要因素之一。选择位于长江流域上游的重庆、中游的九江和岳阳、下游的上海和吴江等地区进行问卷调查,通过统计分析共885份有效问卷的数据,研究了公众对于防洪工程的信任程度,及其对水灾风险认知的影响。结果显示,防洪工程明显的御灾效果改变了大多数(3/4强)民众对水灾灾害属性的认识,由此建立了工程信任;信任使得多数(80%)公众对水灾风险的评估值很小,尤其是对个人受灾的风险估计出现乐观偏差;进而产生了消极与积极并存的防灾意愿倾向,并导致实际的防灾备灾行为不足。研究还发现,工程信任、风险评估是属于社会共构的心理特性,各地公众基本持一致的观点或态度,但存在一定的区域差异;相较而言,长江中游的民众对水灾的风险感知最强,其次是上游地区的民众,下游地区民众的风险感知最弱。由于对防洪工程的信赖而降低风险意识,是公众风险认知中存在的风险因子之一。 相似文献
352.
粘弹性阻尼减震结构研究与应用的新进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
系统总结了国内外粘弹性阻尼器及粘弹性阻尼减震结构研究与应用的进展情况。阐述了粘弹性阻尼材料和粘弹性阻尼器的耗能原理;对目前开发和研究的一些新型粘弹性阻尼器及其性能进行了介绍,同时概述了对保证结构安全性具有重大意义的粘弹性阻尼器的耐久性和耐火性问题,介绍了不同的粘弹性阻尼器计算模型;从结构试验的角度说明了粘弹性阻尼减震结构的特性,着重说明了粘弹性阻尼减震结构的分析方法和设计方法,列举了粘弹性阻尼器的工程应用实例。进而提出了今后粘弹性阻尼器应用于土木工程领域里应加强研究的一些问题。 相似文献
353.
Metal contamination and solid phase partitioning of metals in urban roadside sediments 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This study was undertaken to assess the anthropogenic impact on metal concentrations of urban roadside sediments (N = 633) in Seoul city, Korea and to estimate the potential mobility of selected metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd) using sequential extraction. Comparison of metal concentrations in roadside sediments with mean background values in sediments collected from first- or second-order streams in Korea shows that Zn, Cu and Pb are most affected by anthropogenic inputs. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios of roadside sediments (range = 1.1419-1.1681; mean 1.1576 +/- 0.0068) suggest that Pb is mainly derived from industrial sources rather than from leaded gasoline. A five-step sequential extraction of roadside sediments showed that Zn, Cd and to a lesser degree Ni occur predominantly in the carbonate bound fraction, while Pb is highest in the reducible fraction, Cu in the organic fraction, and Cr in the residual fraction. It was found that the concentrations in the readily available exchangeable fraction were generally low for most metals examined, except for Ni whose exchangeable fraction was appreciable (average 15.2%). Considering the proportion of metals bound to the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, the comparative mobility of metals probably decreases in the order of Zn > Ni > Cd > Pb > Cu > Cr. As potential changes of redox state and pH may remobilize the metals bound to carbonates, reducible, and/or organic matter, and may release and flush them through drain networks into streams, careful monitoring of environmental conditions appears to be very important. With respect to ecotoxicity, it is apparent the Zn and Cu pollution is of particular concern in Seoul city. 相似文献
354.
Xian T. Lu Yun Ma Cui Wang Xiao F. Zhang Da Q. Jin Chang J. Huang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):445-454
Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L?1. MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L?1 and 40 mg L?1 to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity. 相似文献
355.
356.
大型蚤是一种国际公认的标准实验生物,广泛应用于污水、地表水等水质毒性检测。毒性水平较低的城市二级出水,对大型蚤往往无急性毒性效应,而具有慢性毒性效应,但慢性毒性检测周期过长,因此探索一种更灵敏的指标,实现快速检测,对于控制二级出水的水质风险具有重要意义。本研究考察了大型蚤在短期暴露于城市二级出水条件下,其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、ATP酶、羧酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶的酶活变化特征,从中筛选出对二级出水毒性响应灵敏的标志酶指标。实验结果表明,碱性磷酸酯酶、过氧化氢酶对二级出水毒性响应相对较灵敏,具有成为标志酶的潜力,研究结果为城市二级出水生物毒性评价方法优化提供新的思路。 相似文献
357.
本文研究了雷州半岛高桥镇、特呈岛、湖光镇和金沙湾4个区域红树林表层沉积物中正构烷烃的含量、组成分布及来源特征。结果表明,研究区域红树林表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)含量为0.10%~5.62%,正构烷烃总含量(∑n-Alk)为0.69~16.60μg/g(dw)。红树林表层沉积物中正构烷烃组成以中长链(n-C23~n-C31)为主,呈单峰型分布。除金沙湾以外,其他区域红树林表层沉积物中正构烷烃组成奇偶优势明显。正构烷烃组成分布及平均链长(ACL)、碳优势指数(CPI)、短链/长链比值(∑n-C20-/∑n-C21+)、陆海来源比值(TAR)、水生植物贡献比值(Paq)等指标的主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,研究区域红树林表层沉积物中正构烷烃主要来源于高等植物,其中,高桥镇红树林表层沉积物中正构烷烃主要来源于陆源高等植物,而部分湖光镇、特呈岛红树林表层沉积物中正构烷烃的水生植物来源贡献较大,金沙湾红树林表层沉积物中正构烷烃可能受人类活动的... 相似文献
358.
冬季菹草对悬浮泥沙的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
利用冬季沉水植物菹草构建由浅水到深水的串联系统,含沙水依次流经浅水区和深水区,测定各级菹草对水体悬浮泥沙含量和沉降量的影响.结果显示,菹草系统可以降低水体中悬浮泥沙含量,并随水力停留时间延长而降低程度加大.各运行条件下,菹草系统悬浮泥沙平均沉降量65.7 g·m-2,比对照组高39.4%.菹草表面泥沙的吸附是一个"吸附-沉降-再吸附" 的动态过程,吸附量为3.26~5.69 g·kg-1.菹草对冬季水生态系统的自净功能起着十分重要的作用. 相似文献
359.
3种兽药及饲料添加剂对鱼类的毒理效应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用斑马鱼、鲤鱼作为生物材料,通过斑马鱼急性毒性试验、胚胎发育试验和鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验,分别从生物个体水平、细胞水平和分子水平,对兽药及饲料添加剂喹乙醇、阿散酸和土霉素进行了生态毒理学效应研究。急性毒性试验结果表明,3种兽药及饲料添加剂在有生态学意义的浓度范围内对斑马鱼的急性毒性均不大;胚胎发育试验结果表明,喹乙醇和阿散酸对斑马鱼胚胎发育72 h的EC50值分别为221.20和239.54 mg.L-1,具有明显的致畸效应;单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,喹乙醇和土霉素均具有一定的遗传毒性,能引起鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的明显损伤,并呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系。 相似文献
360.
WU Yu-qiong WANG Chong-gang WANG Yun ZHAO Yang CHEN Yi-xin ZUO Zheng-hong 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(9):1129-1135
It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin (TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH (glutathione) by BaP or TBT alone. MDA (malondialdehyde) contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination. 相似文献