极低放核废物处置安全评价概述

放射性废物处置受到很高程度的关注和重视;极低放核废物处置系统的定量预测需要对其进行安全评价;本文就极低放处置场的安全评价现状进行了概述,主要介绍了目前我国主要采用的景象后果分析方法。     

Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization with multi-agent systems—A case study of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA

Urbanization is a human-dominated process and has greatly impacted biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and regional climate. To understand the socioeconomic drivers of urbanization and project future urban landscape changes, multi-agent systems provide a powerful tool. We develop an agent-based model of urban growth for the Phoenix metropolitan region of the United States, which simulates the behavior of regional authorities, real estate developers, residents, and environmentalists. The BDI (Beliefs-Desires-Intentions) structure is employed to simulate the agents behavior and decision models. The heterogeneity of agents is reflected by adjusting parameters according to the agents’ beliefs, desires and preferences. Three scenarios, baseline, economic development priority and environmental protection, are developed and analyzed. The combination of multi-agent system and spatial regression model is employed to predict the future urban development of the Phoenix metropolitan region. Landscape metrics are used to compare the spatial patterns of the urban landscape resulting from different scenarios in different times. In general, with the rapid urban expansion, the shape of urban patches will become more regular as many of them become coalesced. The spatial analysis of urban development through modeling individual and group decisions and human-environment interactions with a multi-agent systems approach can enhance our understanding of the socioeconomic driving forces and mechanisms of urban development.     

Carbon dioxide capture under ambient conditions using 2-chloroethylamine

This is the first case applying 2-haloethylamine to CO₂ capture. The prospect of global warming and the urgent need to reduce atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has prompted actions at many levels. The conventional capture of carbon dioxide is predominantly based on chemical absorption using ethanolamine. Recent developments of carbon dioxide capture focus on new materials, such as ionic liquids, zeolites, membranes, carbonaceous absorbents, and metal–organic frameworks. However, no unique solution exists currently to solve the problem of carbon dioxide capture. In order to examine the efficiency of 2-chloroethylamine as an absorbent of CO₂, we treated an aqueous solution of 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride with CO₂ in the presence of an alkali, e.g., NaOH, under ambient conditions. The absorption was complete within 30 min, seemingly following first-order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, we succeeded in capturing CO₂ from ambient air using 2-chloroethanolamine. The efficiency of 2-chloroethylamine as an absorbent of CO₂ could be attributed to the production of stable 2-oxazolidinone, therefore, this reaction is favored thermodynamically. Compared with previously reported absorbents, this novel system is capable of capturing CO₂ with an extremely high efficiency of 1 mol per mol absorbent under ambient conditions, even from the atmosphere. This potential method could be used to capture CO₂ particularly from small, mobile, or low-concentration emission sources.     

南京老山国家森林公园朴树种群动态

运用相邻格子法对南京老山国家森林公园朴树(Celtis sinensis)种群(以下简称老山朴树种群)进行野外调查,以定量方法研究其种群结构特征。编制种群静态生命表,并绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和4个生存函数曲线,同时结合时间序列预测模型研究老山朴树种群的数量动态。结果表明,种群各龄级个体数虽然存在波动,但整体呈增长趋势,存活曲线属DeeveyⅡ型,分别在第Ⅰ和第Ⅶ龄级出现2个死亡率高峰。第1个峰值的出现主要是由于种内竞争激烈,第2个峰值伴随种群进入生理死亡年龄而出现。生存分析结果表明,朴树种群至第Ⅵ龄级时,生存率仅为0.5%,累计死亡率高达99.5%;危险率曲线与死亡率和消失率曲线变化情况基本一致,反映朴树种群生长发育过程具有前期薄弱、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。时间序列预测结果表明,在未来的2～6 a内,老山朴树种群呈增长趋势。对幼苗及幼林进行人工抚育管理将有助于老山朴树种群的天然更新。     

宁波市常见藻华的现场快速诊断

为了建立宁波市常见水华现场快速判断方法,根据宁波市常见水华的表观特征以及在叶绿素荧光仪上的响应,确定可能的水华优势种类,从而达到现场快速判断的目的。进一步结合实验室得出的水华藻影响因子和毒性等相关参数,得出水华的程度、可能的变化趋势和水源的安全性。结合水文、气象等其他影响因子,及时更新宁波市藻华数据库和检索表,可得出较为科学的判断结果。     

东江下游污染源和纳污水体的雌激素效应水平

利用重组双杂交酵母快速检测技术分析了东江下游两个污水厂、8个工业废水排放口和6条受纳河流水体共16个样品中的雌激素效应物质浓度,并按照雌二醇当量(EEQ)计算了水中雌激素效应水平。在被检测废水样品中,排水的EEQ值处于0.3~2.8ng/L之间,其中造纸厂与纸制品厂排水具有明显雌激素效应。采自河涌的6个样品有4个样品检出雌激素活性,雌激素效应水平在1.9~8.8ng EEQ/L之间。结果表明,东江下游行业废水处理厂出水中的EEQ浓度应与河涌水体中的EEQ在相同数量级, 与国内报道的其他地区河流及工厂排水污染水平类似。污染较为严重的河涌水体雌激素水平明显高于污水处理厂及工厂排水,推断污染河涌水体中的雌激素效应物质应来自未经处理的污染源。     

化工厂场地酸化土壤工程化中和修复案例研究

对江苏某化工厂酸化地块进行了氧化钙中和修复工程研究。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块剖面混合土样pH值分别为3.56、4.68和4.74,土壤修复目标定在pH值为6~8基本近中性。通过室内试验确定Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块土壤生石灰掺混比例为0.5%、0.3%和0.3%;现场中试后Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块石灰掺混比例调整为0.7%、0.35%和0.3%;中试结果用于场地机械搅拌工程修复,修复过程中定期随机采样对中和效果进行连续监测。监测结果基本达标后请第三方对修复效果进行评估,最后土壤回填压实。修复结果表明借助于科学的石灰添加量和工程机械混合措施,能快速有效地修复酸化地块土壤。     

人工湿地植物对高盐废水中COD的去除作用

针对经生化处理的石油和精细化工工业区的工业废水盐含量较高、氮磷营养盐含量较低和COD含量较高的特点,构建了高盐度进水条件下表面流人工湿地的中试试验装置,考察了水葱、芦苇和香蒲在此类高盐废水中的生长状况,比较了三种植物混合试验单元与无植物试验单元对此类高盐废水中COD的去除效果,研究了高含盐量工业废水湿地系统内植物生长对微生物量的影响,以及植物在微生物去除COD过程中的作用。结果表明,高含盐量的工业废水对水葱、芦苇和香蒲的生长有一定的抑制作用,植物单元对工业废水中有机物的净化效果明显好于无植物单元,且植物生长越好,人工湿地内水体中的COD净化效果越好。混合植物单元对高含盐量工业废水中COD的总去除量约为无植物单元的4倍,证明植物的存在可以增强湿地单元内土壤微生物对有机物的去除能力。     

Simultaneous preconcentration of cadmium and lead in water samples with silica gel and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method that utilizes pretreated silica gel as an adsorbent has been developed for simultaneous preconcentration of trace Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) prior to the measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of pH, the shaking time, the elution condition and the coexisting ions on the separation/preconcentration conditions of analytes were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the static adsorption capacity of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) were 45.5 and 27.1mg/g, the relative standard deviations were 3.2% and 1.7% (for n = 11), and the limits of detection obtained were 4.25 and 0.60 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated by analyzing the certified reference materials GBW 07304a (stream sediment) and successfully applied to the analysis of various treated wastewater samples with satisfactory results.     

基于参数不确定性的地下水污染治理多目标管理模型

引入随机Pareto控制排序和随机小生境技术,提出基于参数随机变化的改进小生境Pareto遗传算法,用于求解不确定性条件下地下水污染治理多目标管理模型.同时,利用顺序高斯条件模拟的蒙特卡罗方法,结合不确定性分析和风险评估,分析不同渗透系数条件点数对污染物运移结果不确定性和污染风险评价的影响.最后将该方法应用于一个考虑渗透系数为随机变量的二维地下水污染修复算例中.结果分析表明,该方法可为地下水污染治理提供变异性较小的Pareto管理策略,是一种稳定可靠的多目标随机优化方法.