澳大利亚污水处理与再生水利用现状分析及经验

对澳大利亚水资源赋存现状、污水处理和再生水利用的历史与现状进行了详细整理与分析,梳理了澳大利亚污水处理与再生水利用发展历程、相关标准、政策和法律法规以及再生水利用典型案例。该经验可为我国开展再生水循环利用研究和工程实践提供重要指导和技术支撑。借鉴澳大利亚水回用技术与管理方法,我国可进一步发展污水再生深度处理技术与工艺,提高再生水生产品质,拓展再生水利用途径,通过浓度控制与处理工艺要求相结合提升再生水水质安全保障能力,建立健全污水资源化利用技术和管理标准体系。     

一种考虑环境因素的自动步枪可靠性分析方法

目的 分析环境因素对于自动步枪系统可靠性的影响。方法 首先介绍贝叶斯网络理论,然后将自动步枪系统可靠性建模划分为刚性抛壳机构和弹匣供弹机构两大模块。在此基础上,从设计制造、使用因素和环境因素3个方面进行故障树建模。将故障树转化为贝叶斯模型后,基于给出的底事件失效概率和引入的环境影响因子,计算考虑环境因素带来的共因失效效应时自动步枪系统的可靠度。结果 从系统层面来看,环境因素的影响会使系统的可靠度下降8.1%。结论 在进行自动步枪的系统可靠性分析时,考虑由环境因素带来的共因失效效应更为符合实际情况,不考虑共因失效效应时,往往会高估子系统的可靠度。     

Effect of cadmium on cytogenetic toxicity in hairy roots of Wedelia trilobata L. and their alleviation by exogenous CaCl2

Effects of cadmium (Cd) alone and in combination with calcium on mitosis and chromosomal aberration in the hairy root tips of Wedelia trilobata were investigated. The results showed that Cd concentrations below 50 μmol/L had a lesser or even a promoting effect on the mitotic index (MI) and the rate of chromosomal aberration in hairy root tips, while those higher than 100 μmol/L significantly decreased the MI and gradually stimulated the rate of chromosomal aberrations with prolonged time and increasing concentrations of Cd. Concentrations of 50 μmol/L Cd mainly induced C-mitosis, while more than 100 μmol/L Cd mainly caused chromosome breakage and chromosome adhesion in hairy root tip cells. When cultured with 300 μmol/L Cd, micronuclei were only observed in the interphase, middle, and late phase of hairy root tip cells. Compared with untreated controls, exogenous calcium had an alleviating effect on Cd-induced cytotoxicity by effectively enhancing the MI and reducing the rate of chromosomal aberration in root tip cells. The results presented here provide evidence that W. trilobata hairy roots with rapid autonomous growth could be used as a sensitive tool for monitoring and evaluation of Cd pollution in the environment.     

PFAS Experts Symposium: Statements on regulatory policy,chemistry and analytics,toxicology, transport/fate,and remediation for per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination issues

Sixty leading members of the scientific, engineering, regulatory, and legal communities assembled for the PFAS Experts Symposium in Arlington, Virginia on May 20 and 21, 2019 to discuss issues related to per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) based on the quickly evolving developments of PFAS regulations, chemistry and analytics, transport and fate concepts, toxicology, and remediation technologies.  The Symposium created a venue for experts with various specialized skills to provide opinions and trade perspectives on existing and new approaches to PFAS assessment and remediation in light of lessons learned managing other contaminants encountered over the past four decades. The following summarizes several consensus points developed as an outcome of the Symposium:

• Regulatory and policy issues: The response by many states and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to media exposure and public pressure related to PFAS contamination is to relatively quickly initiate programs to regulate PFAS sites. This includes the USEPA establishing relatively low lifetime health advisory levels for PFAS in drinking water and even more stringent guidance and standards in several states. In addition, if PFAS are designated as hazardous substances at the federal level, as proposed by several Congressional bills, there could be wide‐reaching effects including listing of new Superfund sites solely for PFAS, application of stringent state standards, additional characterization and remediation at existing sites, reopening of closed sites, and cost renegotiation among PRPs.
• Chemistry and analytics: PFAS analysis is confounded by the lack of regulatory‐approved methods for most PFAS in water and all PFAS in solid media and air, interference with current water‐based analytical methods if samples contain high levels of suspended solids, and sample collection and analytical interference due to the presence of PFAS in common consumer products, sampling equipment, and laboratory materials.
• Toxicology and risk: Uncertainties remain related to human health and ecological effects for most PFAS; however, regulatory standards and guidance are being established incorporating safety factors that result in part per trillion (ppt) cleanup objectives. Given the thousands of PFAS that may be present in the environment, a more appropriate paradigm may be to develop toxicity criteria for groups of PFAS rather than individual PFAS.
• Transport and fate: The recalcitrance of many perfluoroalkyl compounds and the capability of some fluorotelomers to transform into perfluoroalkyl compounds complicate conceptual site models at many PFAS sites, particularly those involving complex mixtures, such as firefighting foams. Research is warranted to better understand the physicochemical properties and corresponding transport and fate of most PFAS, of branched and linear isomers of the same compounds, and of the interactions of PFAS with other co‐contaminants such as nonaqueous phase liquids. Many PFAS exhibit complex transport mechanisms, particularly at the air/water interface, and it is uncertain whether traditional transport principles apply to the ppt levels important to PFAS projects. Existing analytical methods are sufficient when combined with the many advances in site characterization techniques to move rapidly forward at selected sites to develop and test process‐based conceptual site models.
• Existing remediation technologies and research: Current technologies largely focus on separation (sorption, ion exchange, or sequestration). Due to diversity in PFAS properties, effective treatment will likely require treatment trains. Monitored natural attenuation will not likely involve destructive reactions, but be driven by processes such as matrix diffusion, sorption, dispersion, and dilution.

The consensus message from the Symposium participants is that PFAS present far more complex challenges to the environmental community than prior contaminants. This is because, in contrast to chlorinated solvents, PFAS are severely complicated by their mobility, persistence, toxicological uncertainties, and technical obstacles to remediation—all under the backdrop of stringent regulatory and policy developments that vary by state and will be further driven by USEPA. Concern was expressed about the time, expense, and complexity required to remediate PFAS sites and whether the challenges of PFAS warrant alternative approaches to site cleanups, including the notion that adaptive management and technical impracticability waivers may be warranted at sites with expansive PFAS plumes. A paradigm shift towards receptor protection rather than broad scale groundwater/aquifer remediation may be appropriate.     

TiO2纳米棒对四环素的光催化降解

采用一步水热法合成了钛酸纳米材料,并以此为前驱体,通过二次水热处理制备了新型材料.使用XRD,TEM,N2吸附等温线等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,两种材料都为棒状纳米催化剂,其中二次水热材料为锐钛矿.光催化降解四环素结果表明两种催化剂都具有较高活性,二次水热纳米棒反应速率常数为一次水热材料的7倍;动力学实验表明TiO2纳米棒对四环素的光催化反应符合Langmuire-Hin-shelwood模型.     

水葫芦内生细菌脂肪酸生物标记特性研究（Characteristics of PLFA Biomarkers for the Endophyte Bacteria inside Eichhornia crassipe（Mart.）Solms）

应用基于微生物细胞脂肪酸成分鉴定的全自动微生物鉴定系统,鉴定水葫芦内生细菌25株,分属15个属.共检测到27个脂肪酸生物标记(PLFAs),这些生物标记分为4种类型,即(1)高频次分布:在25株细菌中出现13～22次,属于细菌总体类群(general)的生物标记.(2)中频次分布:在25株细菌中出现5～7次,可以用于代表细菌属类群(genus)识别生物标记.(3)低频次分布:在细菌中的分布概率较小,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记.(4)微频次分布:仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种(species)特征生物标记.利用脂肪酸生物标记分析同属细菌不同种的差异,可将微杆菌属分为2类,第1类包括菌株9Microbacterium barkeri和11Microbacterium imperiale,这两个菌株17:0ISO和14:0ISO的脂肪酸生物标记含量均为0.第2类包括10Microbacterium esteraromaticum、12Microbacterium lacticum和13Microbacterium liquefaciens,这3个菌株均含有17:0ISO脂肪酸生物标记而区别于第一类菌株.利用脂肪酸生物标记的差异对25株内生细菌进行聚类分析,可将水葫芦内生细菌类群分为4类.不同植物内生菌群落中存在着特异的生物标记,利用特征脂肪酸生物标记的分析方法,分析水葫芦内生细菌的群体特性,对于植物内生菌微生物群落的研究具有重要意义.     

刍议新邵县松梢螟的发生与防治

松梢螟是新邵县松类树种的原发性害虫,在中、成龄松林内长期存在.近年来,松梢螟逐步扩散、蔓延为害,甚至局部暴发.通过对新邵县松梢螟的为害情况进行调查,对其生物学特性及发生规律进行了初步研究,探析了防治工作中存在的问题,对综合防控松梢螟危害提出了相应的对策.表1,参6.     

崇明县土壤主要理化指标的空间分布与变异特征

于上海市崇明县(崇明岛、长兴岛、横沙岛3岛)采集0～20 cm表层土壤样品128个,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,分析土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效钾含量和土壤电导率、容重、pH值等数据,研究土壤特性的空间分布规律.结果表明:崇明3岛有效磷和电导率的分布具有强变异性,pH值的变异强度最弱,其他土壤特性均具有中等变异强度.土壤容重和pH值具有很强的空间相关性.而土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和有效钾的空间相关性最弱,其分布受随机因素影响较大.Kriging空间插值分析表明,受农事活动和城镇效应的影响,崇明岛土壤有机质和全氮含量高值区主要集中于人为活动比较密集的地区,土壤容重和pH值分布趋势基本一致,呈现由东西两端向岛中央递减的趋势.崇明岛土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和有效钾含量两两间呈显著相关关系(α=0.01).