基于DEA的水泥脱硝清洁生产方案可行性评价

水泥工业是典型的高能耗、高污染过程工业,近年来水泥行业的快速发展带来了严重的资源、能源问题,并排放大量NOx,水泥行业已成为我国NOx重点减排领域之一。水泥行业进行清洁生产审计,实施相应清洁生产案(cleaner production programs,CPPs),是节能减排的有效途径。然而,我国目前所使用CPPs评价方法存在一定的缺陷,对技术可行方案的评价割裂为环境与经济两部分,不能做出有效选择,无法满足清洁生产审核工作的需求。引入数据包络分析模型(data envelopment analysis,DEA)用于CPPs评价,建立了扩展超效率模型S-E’,以水泥行业脱硝技术为例,将方案产生二次污染物NH3作为非期望输出、减少的NOx排放量作为输出,建立清洁生产方案超效率DEA评价指标体系,将方案输入、输出数据引入S-E’模型分析各脱硝方案环境与经济的相对综合效率,根据评价结果排序,能够选取最优清洁生产方案,为CPPs评价及筛选提供了一定技术支持。     

基于可拓云模型的电力生产安全综合评估方法

为保证电力生产过程的安全性,必须对其安全水平进行客观合理的评估.针对电力生产安全评估的特点,全面考虑安全生产分级边界的模糊性和随机性,采用可拓云理论来评估电力生产安全综合状态.首先结合现代安全管理理论和生产实际建立电力生产安全综合评估指标体系,并采用主客观综合赋权法确定各评估指标的权重;然后综合云模型本身的不确定推理特性和可拓学中物元理论兼具定性、定量分析的特点,构建可拓云模型进行评估,并引入置信度因子和危险因子标识评估结果的可信信息和危险信息;最后通过算例分析验证了该方法的可行性和合理性.     

大渡河上游丹巴地区地质灾害的地貌分维特征解析

地貌对地质灾害的分布、类型、规模与危害等特征具有重要的影响,宏观及微观地貌指标均能在一定程度上刻画其作用特征。应用高分辨率遥感影像详细解译崩塌和滑坡灾害,采用高精度DEM和滑动窗口技术提取地貌分维特征,并用其解析灾害分布的地貌特征。结果表明:灾害体的内部与后壁、前缘、侧壁和邻区均表现出较为明显的分异性,崩塌的微地貌分异特征较之滑坡显著,大型、厚层、老(古)崩塌及滑坡分异特征更为突出。计算地貌分维值可有效识别与其同时期的或更早的地质灾害,也可间接挖掘新发生灾害的微地貌复杂性和离散性。     

异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂对黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性

异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮（BIT）和甲基异噻唑啉酮（MIT）虽已在多种行业中广泛使用,但目前有关其毒性尤其对水体中生物毒性的数据还较少。鉴于BIT和 MIT在水体中普遍存在,本文研究了这两种污染物对两栖动物黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性。黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪分别暴露系列浓度的BIT和 MIT,观察化学品对其生长、发育和运动的影响,计算96小时半数致死浓度（96 h-LC₅₀）和96小时半数致畸浓度（96 h-TC₅₀）,确定最小生长抑制浓度（MCIG）。结果发现,BIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC₅₀和96 h-TC₅₀分别为2.99 mg?L^-1和0.60 mg?L^-1,MCIG小于0.40 mg?L^-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC₅₀为6.44 mg?L^-1。MIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC₅₀和96 h-TC₅₀分别为5.30 mg?L^-1和2.36 mg?L^-1,MCIG为2.59 mg?L^-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC₅₀为7.58 mg?L^-1。根据《化学农药环境安全评价准则报批稿》中两栖动物蝌蚪急性毒性的分级标准,判定BIT和MIT的毒性等级为中等。该毒性数据为异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂的环境管理提供参考。     

水分条件对灰化苔草根茎萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)根状茎为试验材料,采用室内盆栽培养方式,测定不同土壤水分条件下灰化苔草根状茎萌发、幼苗生长形态和生理参数。试验设置8个土壤体积含水量梯度:C1(2%,重度干旱)、C2(10%)、C3(15%)、C4(20%)、C5(25%)、C6(30%)、C7(40%,水分饱和)和C8(51%,淹水水深为2 cm)。结果表明:(1)在重度干旱和淹水条件下灰化苔草根状茎萌发率较低;轻度干旱(C2处理)条件下萌发率虽达100%,但C2处理幼苗平均株高仅为最大值(C6处理)的2/3。灰化苔草幼苗平均株高、地上生物量均呈随土壤含水量增加而先增大后减小的趋势,幼苗株高与地上生物量之间存在指数函数关系;(2)灰化苔草叶长、叶宽、叶片数和叶面积总体也呈先增大后减小趋势;灰化苔草幼苗通过个体变小、叶片数和叶面积减少、生长速率减缓等调节自身组织结构特点以利用有限的水分维持生命活动。(3)灰化苔草幼苗叶片叶绿素(Chl a、Chl b)含量、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量具有相同的变化规律,即随土壤含水量的增加而呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;叶绿素a/b比值随土壤含水量的增加而呈先减小后增大趋势;各处理间灰化苔草叶片含水量、Car/Chl比值无明显差异;灰化苔草幼苗叶片在水分缺乏或过多时通过使Chl a/b比值升高、Car/Chl比值保持稳定、合理分配Chl a和Chl b来确保植物能正常地进行光合作用;(4)利用高斯模型定量分析得出灰化苔草根状茎萌发及幼苗生长的水分生态幅在4.15%~51.35%范围内,最适含水量在16.22%~39.55%之间。     

关于焦化行业CO2排放核算方法的探讨

本文分析了适用于焦化行业通用CO₂排放核算方法,在此基础上结合我国焦化行业工艺和原料的特征,采用排放因子法和物料衡算法等两种方法对10家典型焦化企业CO₂排放进行核算。结果表明:物料衡算法能很好地反映不同类型焦化企业的排放特征;排放因子法对我国独立焦化企业存在碳排放量系统性高估的可能。为此,建议我国焦化企业可借鉴德国焦化企业的碳核算经验,采用碳平衡法对不同类型的焦化企业(单元)的碳排放量进行核算,并完善相关的统计和监测技术。     

Geostatistical analysis and risk assessment on soil total nitrogen and total soil phosphorus in the Dongting Lake plain area, China

Nonpoint-source pollution and water body eutrophication have become increasing concerns for scientists and policymakers. Nitrogen and phosphorus affect environmental pollution, especially lake eutrophication. To assess the environmental risk of soil total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution, a typical ecological unit of Dongting Lake plain was selected as the experimental site. To verify the stationary of the data, a moving windows technique was adopted. Our results showed that Box-Cox transformation achieved normality in the data set and dampened the effect of outliers. The best theoretical model for semivariogram of TN and TP was a spherical model. The ordinary kriging estimates of TN and TP concentrations were mapped. The integrative comparisons of semivariogram parameters with different trends to the kriging prediction errors of TN and TP indicated that the two-order trend is preferable. Kriging SDs provided valuable information that will increase the accuracy of TN and TP mapping. The probability kriging method is useful to assess the risk of N and P pollution by providing the conditional probability of N and P concentrations exceeding the threshold concentrations of 3.2 and 1.05 g/kg, respectively. The probability distribution of TN and TP at different levels will be helpful to conduct risk assessment, optimize fertilization, and control the pollution of N and P.     

基于生态效益的武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化

满足生态安全的土地利用结构优化是协调社会经济发展与生态环境间矛盾、实现土地持续利用的有效途径。以武汉城市圈为研究区,基于2002～2009年土地利用变更调查汇总数据,引入土壤有机碳储量和土地利用绿当量两个生态指标,评价了城市圈发展不同阶段土地利用结构的生态效益;并通过TOPSIS模型对历年土地利用结构生态合理度进行了评价。在此基础上,以经济效益和生态效益的最大化为目标,构建了2020年多目标优化模型,获得了符合城市圈发展需求的土地利用结构优化方案,呈现“四增三减三稳定”的数量格局,且生态效益指标和生态合理度均呈正向的发展趋势;进而提出了土地资源可持续利用的建议。研究结果对武汉城市圈土地利用总体规划修编、土地利用调控方案的优化以及土地可持续利用具有重要指导意义     

Phenol degradation in waters with high iodide level by layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate: Pathways and products

Recently, layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate (LDH-PDS) as an advanced oxidation system can effectively remove organics by the pathway of free radical. However, little has been known if there is a potential risk regarding the formation of high toxic iodine byproducts through another pathway when LDH-PDS is used in high iodide waters at coastal areas. Therefore, this study investigated phenol degradation pathways and transformation products to evaluate both removal mechanism and potential risk by LDH-PDS in high iodide waters. The results showed that in LDH-PDS system, with the degradation of PDS, phenol degraded till below detection limit in 1 hr in the presence of iodide, while PDS and phenol were hardly degraded in the absence of iodide, indicating iodide accelerated the transformation of PDS and the degradation of phenol. What is more, it reached the highest phenol removal efficiency under the condition of 100 mg/L LDH, 0.1 mmol/L PDS and 1.0 mmol/L iodide. In LDH-PDS system, iodide was rapidly oxidized by the highly active interlayer PDS, resulting in the formation of reactive iodine including hypoiodic acid, iodine and triiodide instead of free radicals, which contributed rapid degradation of phenol. However, unfortunately toxic iodophenols were detected. Specifically, 2-iodophenol and 4-iodophenol were formed firstly, afterwards 2,4-diiodophenol and 2,6-diiodophenol were produced, and finally iodophenols and diiodophenols gradually decreased and 2,4,6-Triiodophenol were produced. These results indicated that LDH-PDS should avoid to use in high iodide waters to prevent toxic iodine byproduct formation although iodide can accelerate phenol degradation.     

自然因素对环境空气质量的影响——以新疆昌吉市为例

本文以昌吉市为例,研究并分析了温度、风、气压三种自然因素对环境空气质量的影响.结果表明,影响环境空气质量的因素非常复杂,污染天气的形成与不利的自然气象因素密切相关.