新型高效污水处理设备--集成一体化生物转筒反应器

介绍了一种新型高效污水处理设备--集成一体化生物转筒反应器(IBDR).IBDR具有微生物浓度高、活性强、生物相分级明显、耐冲击负荷、污泥沉降性能好和不产生污泥膨胀、操作简单灵活、运行成本低等显著特点;并成功地运用于处理餐饮污水和深圳某厂洗涤剂生产废水.在处理餐饮污水时,IBDR比传统的生物转盘处理效果高出20%.     

纳米级铁粉脱氯降解四氯化碳

四氯化碳的生产和使用，给人类带来了较大危害。为此，采用纳米铁粉这一新方法对其进行脱氯处理。试验以纳米级铁粉对四氯化碳的脱氯率为考察指标，选用L25（5^6）正交试验方案，考察了降解介质的初始pH值、纳米铁粉的质量、降解温度、摇床转速和脱氯时间5个影响因素。结果表明，pH值这一因素有极显著影响；在得出的纳米铁粉对四氯化碳脱氯的最佳工艺条件下，获得了99．5％的脱氯率，为有机氯化物脱氯开辟了一条新途径。     

Modulation of hepatic and intestinal glutathione S-transferases and other antioxidant enzymes by dietary lipids in streptozotocin diabetic rats

Antioxidant enzymes in liver and small intestine were investigated using control and streptozotocin diabetic rats fed diets with 5% olive, sunflower or fish oil for five weeks. In liver, Glutathione Peroxidase and Superoxide Dismutase decreased and in intestine Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) increased by diabetes. In isolated jejunum and ileum, this increase in GST activity was due to an increase in GST-alpha and -mu isoenzymes in jejunum and GST-alpha, mu and -pi in ileum. Since GST plays an important role in protecting tissues from oxidative damage, our results highlight the role of the intestine against free radicals in physiological or pathological situations.     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

DIDP通过线粒体-Caspase途径诱导昆明小鼠肝脏损伤的研究

为探究DIDP（Di-iso-decyl phthalate,邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯）对肝脏的影响及其可能的分子机制,以昆明小鼠为研究对象,选用Res（resveratrol,白藜芦醇）为抗氧化剂,分别设置对照组,0.15、1.5、15、150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP组,Res组,150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP+Res组,灌胃染毒9 d后,对小鼠肝脏切片进行HE染色观察,并检测ROS（reactive oxygen,活性氧）、GSH（glutathione,谷胱甘肽）、MDA（malondialdehyde,丙二醛）、Cyt-C（cytochromec,细胞色素C）、Caspase-3和血清中的ALT（alanine aminotransferase,丙氨酸氨基转移酶）含量.结果表明:与对照组相比,15、150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP组小鼠血清中ALT含量极显著上升（P < 0.01）;HE染色结果显示,15、150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP组小鼠出现肝细胞水肿、肝索紊乱、肝窦以及肝中央静脉扩张等现象;15、150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP组小鼠肝脏ROS含量显著上升（P < 0.05）,GSH含量显著下降（P < 0.05）,150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP组小鼠肝脏MDA含量极显著上升（P < 0.01）;1.5、15、150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP组小鼠肝脏中c（Cyt-C）极显著上升（P < 0.01）;15、150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP组小鼠肝脏中Caspase-3表达量极显著上升（P < 0.01）.DIDP染毒剂量的增加对肝脏的各种损伤程度呈上升趋势,Res可减轻上述DIDP对肝脏造成的各种损伤.研究显示,15、150 mg/（kg·d）DIDP可诱导肝脏组织氧化应激水平上升,进而造成线粒体损伤,导致细胞凋亡,造成肝功能受损,因此,线粒体-Caspase途径可能是DIDP诱导肝脏损伤的潜在机制之一.      

生物质基活性炭负载金属催化还原NOx

为研究生物质材料的脱硝性能,利用木质素与纤维素2种生物质基活性炭作为还原剂,用碱金属与过渡金属作为催化活性相,制备了一系列生物质基活性炭负载金属催化剂用于富氧环境中催化还原NO_x,考察了生物质原料种类、炭化温度以及催化剂组分对脱硝效率的影响.结果表明:①当反应温度低于250℃时,炭表面主要是NO_x的吸附过程;而当反应温度高于250℃时,炭还原NO_x行为占主导,并伴随N₂、CO₂与CO的生成.炭化温度对炭反应活性的影响主要依赖于炭化温度对炭材料表面含氧官能团、比表面积以及炭表面金属还原性的影响.②研究中考察的金属（K、Cu、Fe、Ni）均对还原NO_x与O₂有催化作用,其中,K对C-NO_x反应具有明显促进作用,但对C-O₂反应并无明显促进作用,所有样品中SAC-K的选择性因子为0.56,对还原NO_x的选择性最高,且恒温反应过程NO_x还原量（以C计）达到了1 293 μmol/g.③与传统煤基活性炭催化剂相比,木屑基活性炭负载钾催化剂表现出了优良的NO_x还原选择性;X-射线光电子表征结果显示,木屑基活性炭负载钾催化剂优良的性能与其表面钾活性相的高度分散有关.研究显示,相比于煤基炭材料,生物质基炭材料具有更加优异的选择性还原NO_x性能.      

Particulate matter pollution in Kunshan High-Tech zone: Source apportionment with trace elements, plume evolution and its monitoring

Particulate matter(PM) in the Kunshan High-Tech zone is studied during a three-month campaign. PM and trace elements are measured by the online pollution monitoring, forecastwarning and source term retrieval system AS3. Hourly measured concentrations of PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and 16 trace elements in the PM_(2.5) section(Ca, Pb, Cu, Cl, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ba)are focused. Source apportionment of trace elements by Positive Matrix Factorization modeling indicates that there are five major sources, including dust, industrial processing, traffic,combustion, and sea salt with contribution rate of 23.68%, 21.66%, 14.30%, 22.03%, and 6.89%,respectively. Prediction of plume dispersion from concrete plant and traffic emissions shows that PM_(10) pollution of concrete plant is three orders of magnitude more than that of the traffic. The influence range can extend to more than 3 km in 1 hr. Because the footprint of the industrial plumes is constantly moving according to the local meteorological conditions, the fixed monitoring sites scattered in a few hundred meters haven't captured the heaviest pollution plume at the local scale of a few km~2. As a more intensive monitoring network is not operationally possible, the use of online modeling gives accurate and quantitative information of plume location, which increases the spatial pollution monitoring capacity and improves the understanding of measurement data. These results indicate that the development of the AS3 system, which combines monitoring equipment and air pollution modeling systems, is beneficial to the real-time pollution monitoring in the industrial zone.     

A green method to synthesize flowerlike Fe(OH)3 microspheres for enhanced adsorption performance toward organic and heavy metal pollutants

Dyestuffs and heavy metal ions in water are seriously harmful to the ecological environment and human health.Three-dimensional(3 D) flowerlike Fe(OH)_3 microspheres were synthesized through a green yet low-cost injection method,for the removal of organic dyes and heavy metal ions.The Fe(OH)_3 microspheres were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) techniques.The adsorption kinetics of Congo Red(CR) on Fe(OH)_3 microspheres obeyed the pseudo-second-order model.Cr~(6+) and Pb~(2+) adsorption behaviors on Fe(OH)_3 microspheres followed the Langmuir isotherm model.The maximum adsorption capacities of the synthesized Fe(OH)_3 were 308,52.94,and 75.64 mg/g for CR,Cr~(6+),and Pb~(2+) respectively.The enhanced adsorption performance originated from its surface properties and large specific surface area of 250 m~2/g.The microspheres also have excellent adsorption stability and recyclability.Another merit of the Fe(OH)_3 material is that it also acts as a Fenton-like catalyst.These twin functionalities(both as adsorbent and Fenton-like catalyst) give the synthesized Fe(OH)_3 microspheres great potential in the field of water treatment.     

北京市秋冬大气污染传输特征遥感研究

综合地基遥感、卫星遥感与地面监测数据对北京市2016年10月—2017年3月的污染来源及传输特征进行分析,并结合气象数据对污染形成的气象条件进行研究.结果表明,冬季重污染发生频率最高,2016年12月和2017年1月发生频率均超过30%.平缓型污染以本地来源为主,单峰型和多峰型污染由本地污染与区域传输共同导致.平缓型和单峰型本地污染集中在北京中南部,多峰型扩散至全市.区域传输方向均以西南为主,单峰型和多峰型存在东南传输.单峰型以1次传输为主,多峰型均为多次传输.传输层的高度差异较大,但均在0.3～0.5 km高度存在低空传输层,并且存在高于1.0 km的高空传输.平缓型、单峰型和多峰型污染的垂直延伸高度分别为0.5、0.7和1.0 km.研究污染发生时的气象条件,发现污染发生时风向均以西南风为主,发生频率高于60%,其次为东南风.相对湿度和消光系数随污染等级提升逐渐升高,当相对湿度高于70%时,多峰型污染消光系数高于2.0 km~(-1)的频率达到63.33%.3种类型污染发生时的逆温频率均高于75%,高强度的贴地逆温是造成本地污染的成因之一.     

邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯对小鼠学习记忆的影响

为研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DIDP）对小鼠学习和记忆能力的影响,以白藜芦醇（Res）作为保护剂,将42只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为6组,每组7只,分别为：生理盐水组、1.5,15,150mg/（kg·d） DIDP组、20mg/（kg·d） Res组、150mg/（kg·d） DIDP+20mg/（kg·d） Res组.连续灌胃染毒9d,期间同时进行Morris水迷宫实验.第10d将小鼠处死,取出脑组织,检测活性氧簇（ROS）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）的含量.并对小鼠海马体切片进行H&E染色,观察病理变化.结果显示,15,150mg/（kg·d） DIDP染毒可导致小鼠的学习和记忆能力显著低于对照组,同时可诱发脑组织产生氧化应激,并促进炎症因子释放,而Res能有效减弱脑组织氧化应激水平.由上可得,DIDP致小鼠学习和记忆能力下降可能与其引起的脑组织中海马体的氧化损伤有关,同时Res可能通过降低DIDP引起的氧化应激进而减轻其对小鼠造成的学习记忆损伤.