聚酰胺胺(PAMAM)树形分子在洗煤废水处理中的应用研究

使用PAMAM树形分子混凝沉淀法处理洗煤废水，分析了洗煤废水的特点及其难处理的原因，探索了该方法处理洗煤废水的机理，并研究了树形分子的代数、溶液的酸度以及树形分子的加药量对浊度和COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明该方法处理效果优于传统的Ca(OH)2 PAM法，尝试将Ca(OH)2 PAMAM联用，处理后的上清液浊度为2．73度。化学需氧量(COD)的去除率达99．5％。     

浅议内蒙古固体危险废物的处置现状及管理对策

本文主要介绍内蒙古工业固体危险废物的来源、分布，处理、处置现状，目前存在的问题，经分析提出适合内蒙古区情的处置方法及相应管理对策建议，供政府及决策部门参考。     

民国初年灾荒史研究综述

自民国迄今,一些政治家、思想家及学者分别从自然科学角度和社会历史角度对民国初年灾荒史予以诠释,依时间而言主要集中于20世纪80年代以后,依内容而言又呈现出一种多元化的态势。其间,虽然取得了一定的成就,诸如积累了一些资料、研究内容多样化等,但仍存在着一些不足。     

Orthopedic injury in electric bicycle-related collisions

Objective: Although electric bicycle-related injuries have become the most common reason for hospitalization due to a road crash in China, no study has comprehensively investigated electric bicycle collisions and their impact on orthopedic injuries; such a study may provide evidence to support a new road safety policy.

Methods: A retrospective review of orthopedic injuries from electric bicycle collisions was performed in an urban trauma center. We collected variables including age, gender, location of fracture, presence of open or closed fractures, concomitant vascular, and neurologic injuries.

Results: A total of 2,044 cases were involved in electric bicycle collisions. The orthopedic injury victims were predominantly male and middle aged. The most common orthopedic injury was a femur fracture. Open fractures frequently involved the forearm and tibia/fibula. Male patients were more likely to suffer from multiple fractures and associated injuries than female patients. Fewer patients age 60 years old or older wore helmets at the time of the accident compared to those in other age groups.

Conclusions: Orthopedic injuries from electric bicycle-related accidents cause patients substantial suffering that could lead to serious social consequences. Helmet use and protective clothing or similar safety gear, especially for electric bicycle users, should be required to provide greater protection.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂超低排放的改造路线

通过分析国内外垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统的现状,基于燃煤电站和垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气物性之间的相似性及燃煤电站超低排放系统的先进性,提出了分别以循环流化床法脱硫和高效协同型湿法脱硫技术为核心的垃圾焚烧烟气超低排放改造可行技术路线,并分析了2种技术路线的初投资和运行成本.结果表明：2种技术路线的初投资相当,约为1.37万元/t,但以湿法脱硫为核心的技术运行费用较高,日运行成本约为16.46元/t;采用环保电价补贴政策时,2种烟气超低排放技术路线超过政策发电量部分的发电收入分别可以在3a和7a内弥补超低排放改造及运行带来的资金支出.     

氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能及微生物群落的影响

为探析氨氮（TAN）对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能及微生物群落的影响,在串联批次实验中引入氨氮胁迫,结合Miseq高通量测序分析,研究了不同TAN浓度下厌氧消化系统的过程参数响应以及微生物群落动态.结果显示,随TAN增加,甲烷回收率从（96.53±2.66）%下降至（63.13±0.73）%,消化时间从435h延长至915h,连续驯化下,TAN为3000mg/L的实验组产气性能完全恢复,而高氨氮实验组（TAN³6000mg/L）仍处于抑制状态.相较于乙酸代谢而言,长链挥发性脂肪酸（LCVFAs）代谢对TAN的耐受度更高（6000mg/L）,但一旦被抑制,其功能难以通过驯化恢复.从微生物层面上看,高丰度且功能冗余的水解酸化细菌保证了各TAN梯度下的水解酸化作用;氨氮敏感的Methanosaeta和Methanospirillum也能通过驯化被耐氨的Methanosarcina和Methanoculleus取代,从而维持系统产甲烷功能;相比之下,产氢产乙酸菌功能高度专一,仅C₄~C₁₈降解菌Syntrophomonas和丙酸降解菌Pelotomaculum被检测到,在连续的高氨氮暴露下,前者的丰度虽有一定程度的恢复,但后者未能被驯化,最终系统出现以丙酸为主的LCVFAs积累,产气性能恶化.可见, LCVFAs的互营降解才是氨抑制失稳的关键环节.     

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs) between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO) to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50% as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.     

Observation of chemical components of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol formation during haze and sandy haze days in Zhengzhou, China

Mineral dust particles play an important role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, which largely contribute to haze pollution in China.During this study, a haze episode(haze days) and a typical haze process mixed with sandstorm(sandy haze days)were observed in Zhengzhou with a series of high-time-resolution monitoring instruments from November 22 to December 8, 2018.Concentrations of PM_(10) and crustal elements clearly increased in the sandy haze days.Concentrations of gaseous pollutants, metallic elements emitted from anthropogenic sources, nitrate, and ammonium during sandy haze days were slightly lower than those during the haze days but still obviously higher than those during the non-haze days.The sulfate concentrations, the sulfate fractions in PM_(2.5),and the sulfur oxidation ratios significantly increased in the sandy haze days.Heterogeneous reactions dominated the conversion of SO_2 during the haze and sandy haze days.Enhanced SO_2 conversion during the sandy haze days may be attributed to the high concentrations of transition metal ions from the sandstorm when the values of relative humidity(RH) were in 30%–70%, and high O_3 at certain time points.Gas-phase NO_2 oxidation reactions were the main pathways for nitrate formation.In the sandy haze days,higher nitrogen oxidation ratio(NOR) at daytime may be associated with higher RH and lower temperature than those in the haze days, which facilitate the gas-to-particle partitioning of nitrate; higher NOR values at night may be attributed to the higher O_3 concentrations, which promoted the formation of N_2O_5.     

基于热异常探测的北京水泥厂大气污染排放评估

为对水泥行业实现大气污染排放动态监测,反映污染排放的时空分布特征,提出基于热异常点探测数据的新型干法水泥气态污染物排放量测算方法.利用VIIRS热异常点的FRP(fire radiation power,辐射功率)参数结合水泥产业结构特点,建立FRP与污染物排放之间的定量估算关系.利用2013—2017年北京市水泥生产统计信息和热异常点探测数据进行了大气污染排放评估,结果显示:①利用热异常产品的FRP参数估算北京市水泥厂的污染排放水平,利用NO_x和SO₂排放量的统计数据对排放估算值进行相关性验证,二者统计值与估算值之间的相关性系数分别为0.65和0.63.②2013—2017年北京市所有水泥厂的热异常点数据与环境统计数据中水泥总产量、熟料总产量、煤炭总产量以及NO_x、SO₂和烟(粉)尘排放量的相关性均较好,相关性系数均在0.7左右.③自2013年以来,北京市金隅琉水环保科技有限公司和北京金隅北水环保科技有限公司的热异常点数均呈下降趋势.由于采取了减排措施,水泥总产量和污染排放量也均呈逐年减少的趋势.研究显示,基于热异常点探测数据的新型干法水泥气态污染物排放量测算方法可快速获取水泥厂的位置信息、热释放规模,结合污染排放因子可间接评估水泥厂NO_x和SO₂等主要污染物的排放情况.