基于隧道法的机动车对上海城市大气环境中氨的源排放贡献研究

以上海交通最为繁忙的隧道之一的邯郸路隧道为研究对象,设计了隧道内(进口、中段、出口)机动车NH_3排放因子测定实验和隧道外(垂直于隧道口310 m范围内)机动车NH_3排放环境扩散梯度实验。隧道内实验结果表明,隧道出口的ρ(NH_3)分别是隧道进口和外围环境质量浓度的5倍和11倍,机动车NH_3排放因子(平均值±标准差)为(28±5)mg/km。据此估算,2014年上海机动车的NH_3排放总量约为1 300 t,占该市NH_3排放量的12%。梯度实验表明,邯郸路隧道出口处的机动车NH_3排放一旦扩散到大气中,其对环境的影响强度在短短数十米内迅速降低,超过150 m的范围后影响基本趋同。证实了在交通路网密集的城市,机动车是大气环境NH_3的重要来源,进而对城市颗粒物污染有潜在贡献。     

石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定染整废水中总锑

建立了全自动石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定染整企业废水中总锑的测定方法。结果表明,锑的质量浓度在0~10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,R值为0.999 5,方法检出限和测定下限分别为0.003和0.012 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.17%~2.6%,加标回收率为96.1%~103.8%。该方法操作简单、分析快速,符合技术规范要求。     

皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化遥感指数分析

随着城市化进程的不断加快,环境保护问题越来越突出,加强生态文明建设也越来越成为城市发展的重心之一,因此快速监测城市生态环境变化显得尤为重要。选取1995年、2005年、2015年Landsat TM/OLI影像为主要数据源,分别提取绿度、湿度、干度、热度4个生态因子作为评估指标,结合主成分分析,生成遥感生态指数（RSEI）,客观、迅速、定量地对皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化进行分析。结果表明：1995~2015年皖江城市带生态环境质量先降后升,总体呈上升趋势。其中RSEI从1995年的0.710下降至2005年的0.683再升至2015年的0.728,总共上升了2.54%;1995~2015年生态环境恶化区域面积比例由20.03%到14.56%,减少了26.86%;生态环境改善区域面积比例由21.87%到29.39%,增加了34.39%。生态环境恶化区域主要集中在长江沿岸经济发达的扩张型城市和地区;生态环境改善区域主要集中在植被覆盖、注重环境整治、绿化效果显著地区。总的来说,城市生态质量与植被覆盖情况（NDVI）和不透水建筑面积（NDBSI）关系最为密切,城市扩张发展的同时,应该加强生态文明建设,注重环境保护,增加绿化面积,实现城市的可持续发展。 关键词： 皖江城市带;RSEI指数;城市生态;变化检测;主成分分析     

Integrating total oxidizable precursor assay data to evaluate fate and transport of PFASs

Fate and transport of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are complex and are not well understood. Among this class of emerging contaminants, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) comprising perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) are being studied more frequently than polyfluorinated compounds. PFAAs are persistent in the environment, recalcitrant to biological degradation, and, therefore, widespread. Previous studies have indicated that some PFASs bioaccumulate. The fate and transport of PFAAs can be complicated by the presence of PFAA precursors. The PFAA precursors are defined in this article as those fluorinated chemicals that can be potentially transformed abiotically or biotically into terminal PFCA or PFSA products. Due to potential biotransformation in the environment, PFAA precursors can influence the temporal and lateral distribution of PFAAs in the environment. Presently, only a very small number of PFAA precursors can be quantitatively analyzed by commercial laboratories. For instance, N‐ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid and N‐methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid are the only two precursors included in the most commonly applied PFAS analytical method, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 537. The current commercial laboratory methodologies primarily quantify between 14 and 31 PFASs. As an alternative, a total oxidizable precursor assay (TOPA) was developed to quantify the measurable PFSA and PFCA concentrations after aggressive oxidation converting PFAA precursors abiotically into PFCAs. The difference between PFAA concentrations before and after oxidation can be used to estimate the amount of oxidizable PFAA precursors in the sample. This is one of the first articles that utilized TOPA data to help interpret PFAS fate and transport in the environment.     

Accelerated ash accumulation method for diesel particulate filter and its characterization: a review

ABSTRACT

It is well known that high-efficiency wall-flow particulate filter is the most commonly used technology that can effectively reduce both particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) to comply with the latest emission legislations. Ash, defined as the noncombustible, non-evaporative residue derived mostly from lubricants, has critical impact on engine backpressure, particulate filter filtration efficiency and durability performance, therefore, the investigation of ash impact on particulate filter is of great importance. Due to cost-saving potential, several published methods from different laboratories for accelerated ash loading under carefully controlled conditions are described in this review, including some characterization methods that have been used for the evaluation of filter performance. In addition, the impact of ash deposit on back pressure and regeneration performance are also discussed in this review.     

Contamination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a typical marine aquaculture farm: source tracking of ARGs in reared aquatic organisms

Abstract

Although the prevalence and concentrations of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquaculture is receiving increasing scientific interest, there is little understanding of the direct sources and dissemination pathways of ARGs in marine aquaculture-reared organisms. This study investigated the dynamics of ARGs and the bacterial community throughout the rearing period in a typical marine aquaculture farm in South China. The results demonstrated that sul1 and qnrD were predominant in the sediment, and qnrD and qnrA were predominant in the intestinal tracts of shrimps. Network analysis showed that the chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, suspended solids, and total phosphorus were positively correlated with the predominant ARGs. The results of the network and source tracking analyses indicate that environmental factors and the bacterial community may drive the dissemination of ARGs dissemination in the environment and in shrimp reared by marine aquaculture, and sediment is the most direct and important medium in this dissemination. These results aid in improving our understanding of the sources, level, and dissemination of ARGs in marine aquaculture.     

资源型城市的“无废城市”建设模式探讨

资源型城市在我国经济发展大局中地位重要而特殊、历史贡献突出,城市发展的生命周期特征和物质代谢的"大进大出"特征明显,固体废物(以下简称固废)治理问题积弊已久、复杂多变。如何建设"无废城市"模式的资源型城市,是当前城市可持续发展和"无废城市"实践亟待破解的难题。本文研究分析了2017年我国资源型城市固废产生、贮存、综合利用、处置环节及管理制度体系建设的主要问题,并从制度设计、产业转型、分类利用、标准建立四个方面提出了"无废"资源型城市建设的政策建议。根据资源型城市所处生命周期发展阶段的不同,提出了基于固废"产、存、用、置、销"的存量、流量挂钩约束的发展模式。同时提出以下建议:快速成长期城市应从产业体系构建、空间布局及准入条件着手控制固废增量;平稳成熟期城市应发展完善高值化资源综合利用产业体系和制度体系;枯竭衰退期城市应注重挖掘和开发存量固废的资源价值;再生发展期城市应加强多源废物协同处置利用产业体系建设。本研究可为资源型城市的"无废城市"建设提供模式参考和政策建议。     

轧制油泥资源化工艺研究

钢铁和机械加工过程中会使用由润滑油配置而成的乳化液,经过多次循环使用后会混入金属颗粒、胶质、灰尘等杂质,进而形成轧制油泥。轧制油泥属于危险废物,已经成为环保治理的难题。采用碱洗/酸化分离工艺对某机械厂提供的轧制油泥进行处理,进而回收脂肪酸和铁粉,以实现轧制油泥减量和资源化的目的。试验结果表明:在碱液/轧制油泥(质量比)为4、温度为80℃、反应时间为120min、NaOH添加量为轧制油泥皂化值1.05倍的条件下,皂化率和脂肪酸产率分别为87.55%和81.01%,固体残留率为26.48%,经二次碱洗后固体残留率进一步降至8.26%,主要成分为铁粉。碱洗/酸化工艺简洁、成本较低,为轧制油泥规模化处理和利用提供了合理有效的解决方案。     

规模化蛋鸡养殖场栏舍氨排放规律研究

对江西某规模化蛋鸡养殖场栏舍开展每个季节的栏舍氨排放浓度监测,并核算各季节每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量和日栏舍氨排放量。结果表明:(1)氨排放浓度和每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量具有明显的日变化特征,即白天高、夜间低,主要受温度和相对湿度的综合影响;(2)氨排放浓度和每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量的季节变化特征不同,夏季氨排放浓度低但每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量大,冬季正好相反,这与该蛋鸡养殖场采用机械通风有关;(3)4个季节每只蛋鸡的日栏舍氨排放量平均为0.372g/(d·只),较国外同为清粪带式结构的蛋鸡栏舍高,建议提高清粪频率。     

中国县域能源消费碳排放估算及其空间分布

将传统的碳排放因子法与人口权重分配法相结合,估算了2015年中国2 170个县域的碳排放量,并将县域分为高/低碳排放量-高/低碳排放强度的4种类型。分析表明:(1)县域的平均碳排放量为1 287×103 t,但差异较大,空间分布上整体呈现东高西低;81.58%的县域的碳排放强度在0.01～1.05t/万元,空间分布上呈现西部及西北高、东部及东南低。(2)低碳排放量-低碳排放强度类县域数量最多(占45.81%),在全国除东南沿海区域均有分布;高碳排放量-低碳排放强度类县域分布在中国部分华北地区及东部、东南沿海地区,中部也有少量分布;高碳排放量-高碳排放强度类县域主要分布在东北三省;低碳排放量-高碳排放强度类县域主要分布在中国西北的西藏自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区和青海省,同时山西省境内也有较多分布。(3)整体看,中低收入、处于发展提速的中西部县域发展仍需预留一定的碳排放空间;对于高收入的东部县域,则要提出更高的减排要求。