因子分析在黄河上游干流地区滑坡灾害中的应用

黄河上游地区干流滑坡灾害频繁发生,造成了严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。对该区滑坡灾害进行研究,对于指导该区的抗灾、减灾和预防工作意义重大。采用遥感技术和野外采样实测,获取了研究区的129处滑坡灾害数据,进而对滑坡灾害影响因素进行了因子分析。通过因子分析,得到公因子,并对公因子命名。在此基础上,计算了因子得分及综合得分,并对其进行了排序。研究结果表明:灾害数据变量之间有较强的相关性,滑坡发生主要受到滑体标高因子、滑体外形因子、地表因子、环境因子和滑体性质5个公共因子的影响。滑体标高、环境特征和滑体性质对滑坡的影响较大,滑体外形因素和地表因素对滑坡发生的影响相对较小。     

基于风险沟通的城市居民应急宣教培训体系构建——以北京市海淀区为例

针对资源与需求不匹配的实践难题,依据风险感知与风险沟通理论,对城市居民应急宣教培训问题进行了研究。调查数据来自于北京市海淀区的1444份有效问卷。按照个性特征、灾害、社区等维度划分居民类型,在城市居民的风险感知、培训意愿和培训偏好三个方面开展分析。研究发现:城市居民风险感知状况存在差异、应急培训意愿强烈的参与意愿、应急培训偏好呈现复杂性。在此基础上提出应急宣教培训体系构建思路:一是从需求调研与专家库和师资库建设方面科学制定应急宣教培训计划;二是从组织机构、常态机制、内容体系、软硬件建设等方面开展标准化的应急宣教培训活动;三是适应社会化趋势创新应急宣教培训方式,适时开展政府购买服务,强化家庭教育和学校教育,并探索引入第三方机构测评等。     

三种观测标准的霾日与空气污染日对比分析

目前气象观测业务和空气污染分析中存在对霾日统计的分歧,甚至出现空气污染日无霾的现象,对霾观测标准的科学划分,显得非常重要和紧迫。利用2013—2015年廊坊市气象观测站能见度、相对湿度、霾人工观测资料和廊坊市环保局AQI、PM25浓度等气象环保资料,对目前观测业务和空气污染分析中常用的三种霾观测、统计方法进行了对比分析。分析发现:目前廊坊气象观测站所依据的记录霾天气现象的标准,与实际大气污染相趋甚远,不能反映实际的空气污染状况,建议国家及省级相关部门及早根据实际情况,更新霾观测标准,更好地为当前大气污染的防治工作提供客观依据。     

氯灭活地下水源中3种优势真菌的效能与机制

地下水源中真菌大量繁殖会产生嗅味,引发毒性反应以及产生大量肉眼可见的絮状物,严重影响供水水质.以地下水源中3种优势真菌木霉属、青霉属、枝孢属为研究对象,以氯为消毒剂,通过研究真菌孢子胞内物质泄漏,胞外三磷酸腺苷(ATP),脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和蛋白质增加及孢子形态变化,探明了氯灭活3种真菌孢子的效能与机制.结果表明,氯灭活真菌孢子符合一级动力学,满足Chick模型,3种真菌的耐氯性为:木霉属青霉属枝孢属,真菌孢子尺寸越大,亲水性越强,灭活效果越好.氯灭活后,胞内物质泄漏,胞外特征物质(ATP、DNA、蛋白质)显著增加;氯对细胞表面破坏严重,灭活后真菌孢子凹陷,表面褶皱.综上所述,氯首先作用于孢子表面,降低孢子的可培养性,进一步作用使细胞的通透性屏障受损,导致胞内特征物质释放,以致孢子死亡.     

电子供体对地下水中高氯酸盐生物去除的影响研究

通过静态实验,考察了电子供体类型及用量对厌氧条件下微生物去除地下水中高氯酸盐的影响.结果表明,电子供体醋酸盐和H₂的加入,可以明显提高ClO₄^-的去除率,驯化后的微生物去除ClO₄^-的速率比未加入电子供体时提高约1.4~3倍.Monod动态模型能很好地拟合两种电子供体环境下ClO₄^-的微生物去除过程,分别以醋酸盐和H₂作为电子供体时,基质半饱和常数K_s为12.6 mg·L^-1和2.2 mg·L^-1,最大比基质消耗速率V_m为0.45 d^-1和0.08 d^-1.动力学参数表明,本实验条件下,异养型混合菌去除ClO₄^-的效果明显优于自养型混合菌;在少数受高浓度ClO₄^-污染的地下水环境中,为了提高ClO₄^-的去除速率只有通过增加菌体浓度或提高微生物酶的活性来实现.随着电子供体醋酸盐用量增加,ClO₄^-的(比)消耗速率逐渐增大.当初始CH₃COO^-与ClO₄^-的比例为3.80 mg(COD)/mg(ClO₄^-)时,比消耗速率v最大(0.27 d^-1).     

直接大红4BE的磷钨酸均相光催化还原脱色

以磷钨酸(H3PW12O40,PW12)为光催化剂,异丙醇(Isopropanol)作为电子给体的条件下对偶氮染料直接大红4BE进行均相光催化还原脱色研究,考察PW12用量、IS浓度、直接大红4BE和盐浓度等因素的影响,结果表明杂多蓝(PW1-2)对直接大红4BE具有明显的还原脱色作用.pH=2.0,直接大红4BE初始浓度50 mg·L-1,PW12浓度为600 mg·L-1,IS浓度为0.13mol·L-1,50 min直接大红4BE的脱色率可达到90.39%.4BE的光催化还原脱色速率随PW12和IS浓度的增加而增加,最后趋于恒定;直接大红4BE初始浓度增加,其光反应一级速率常数降低;PW12、IS和4BE浓度之间存在交互影响.离子强度增加,4BE脱色速率减小,表现为负的盐效应,推测4BE与光反应生成的杂多蓝(PW1-2)进行复合,然后发生电子转移引起偶氮染料还原脱色和杂多蓝氧化复原.本研究结果表明PW12/IS/UV能够有效用于偶氮染料直接大红4BE的还原脱色处理.     

Adsorption of lead on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outer diameters and oxygen contents: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

The effects of different outer diameters and surface oxygen contents on the adsorption of heavy metals onto six types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in an aqueous solution and lead was chosen as a model metal ion. The results indicated that the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of lead remarkably increased with decreasing outer diameter due to larger specific surface area (SSA). The SSA-normalized maximum adsorption capacity (qm /SSA) and SSA-normalized adsorption coefficient (Kd /SSA) were strongly positively correlated with surface oxygen content, implying that lead adsorption onto MWCNTs significantly increases with the rise of oxygen content and decreases with decreasing SSA. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of lead on MWCNTs was endothermic and spontaneous. When the oxygen content of MWCNTs increased from 2.0% to 5.9%, the standard free energy (△ G0 ) became more negative, which implied that the oxygenated functional groups increased the adsorption affinity of MWCNTs for lead. Through calculation of enthalpy (△ H0 ), G0 and free energy of adsorption (Ea ), lead adsorption onto MWCNTs was recognized as a chemisorption process. The chemical interaction between lead and the phenolic groups of MWCNTs could be one of the main adsorption mechanisms due to highly positive correlations between the phenolic groups and K d /SSA or q m /SSA.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

含油污泥微乳化处理工艺研究

利用微乳化法对含油污泥进行资源化处理。通过对现场采得的SLGD含油污泥样品处理,得到该油泥的最佳微乳液组成为:SDS 0.16 g/mL,OTAC 0.04 g/mL,正丁醇0.47 g/mL,NaCl 0.034 g/mL,脱油率最高可达42.53%。最佳单次处理量为12 g(以10 mL水为基准);处理温度为30℃,最佳处理时间为30 min;在保证脱油率的前提下,微乳液可重复使用3次。     

物元分析模型在生活垃圾分类收集方案评价中的应用

家庭生活垃圾分类收集是实现城市生活垃圾无害化、减量化和资源化的重要方面,而生活垃圾分类收集方案评价也是实现生活垃圾综合管理的有效方法。以昆明市居民区生活垃圾分类收集为例,设计5种垃圾分类收集方案,基于问卷调查和层次分析,并建立物元分析模型,得出最优分类方案是将生活垃圾分为厨余垃圾与其他垃圾2大类。