Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Toughened by Styrene–Ethylene/Butylenes–Styrene Elastomer

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) was blended with 15–30 wt% of styrene–ethylene/butylenes–styrene (SEBS) block copolymer and maleic anhydride grafted SEBS (SEBS-g-MA). Effects of nucleation and toughening of the elastomers were evaluated systematically by study of morphology, crystallization, thermal and mechanical properties of the blend. The addition of 30 wt% SEBS promoted the formation of co-continuous structure of the blend and caused the fracture mechanism to change from strain softening to strain hardening. Addition of SEBS-g-MA resulted in significant modification of phase morphology and obviously improved the impact strength. The compatibilization reaction of PET with SEBS-g-MA accelerated the crystallization of PET and increased the crystallinity. The shifts in glass transition temperature of PET towards that of SEBS-g-MA and the higher modulus for R-PET/SEBS-g-MA (70/30) blend found by DMA are also indications of better interactions under the conditions of compatibilization and interpenetrating structure.     

Environmentally Friendly Polyurethane Composites: Preparation, Characterization and Mechanical Properties

The waterborne polyurethane (PU) prepolymer was prepared based on isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polyester polyol (N220), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) and hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate (HEMA). The modified waterborne polyurethane–acrylate (PUA) emulsions were obtained with different proportions of acrylate (butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate) and initiating agent by in situ dispersion technique. The structures and thermal properties of prepared PU and PUA were analyzed and characterized with FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy and DSC. The PUA hybrid samples had lower glass transition temperature of hard segment and higher decomposition temperatures than PU sample. Performances of the emulsion and film were studied by means of apparent viscidity, particle size and polydispersity, surface tension and mechanical properties. The results indicated that the particle sizes of the PUA dispersions were larger than those of the pure PU and the solvent resistance, mechanical properties of PUA films was improved compare with the unmodified polyurethane film. The film had the biggest hardness and the least water absorption when the BA/MMA mass ratio 5:5 modified PU. The obtained PUA have great potential application such as coatings, leather finishing, adhesives, sealants, plastic coatings and wood finishes.     

Medical waste management in China: A case study of Nanjing

Medical waste management is of great importance due to its infectious and hazardous nature that can cause undesirable effects on humans and the environment. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the present status of medical waste management in the light of medical waste control regulations in Nanjing. A comprehensive inspection survey was conducted for 15 hospitals, 3 disposal companies and 200 patients. Field visits and a questionnaire survey method were implemented to collect information regarding different medical waste management aspects, including medical waste generation, segregation and collection, storage, training and education, transportation, disposal, and public awareness.The results indicated that the medical waste generation rate ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 kg/bed day with a weighted average of 0.68 kg/bed day. The segregated collection of various types of medical waste has been conducted in 73% of the hospitals, but 20% of the hospitals still use unqualified staff for medical waste collection, and 93.3% of the hospitals have temporary storage areas. Additionally, 93.3% of the hospitals have provided training for staff; however, only 20% of the hospitals have ongoing training and education. It was found that the centralized disposal system has been constructed based on incineration technology, and the disposal cost of medical waste is about 580 US$/ton. The results also suggested that there is not sufficient public understanding of medical waste management, and 77% of respondents think medical waste management is an important factor in selecting hospital services.The problematic areas of medical waste management in Nanjing are addressed by proposing some recommendations that will ensure that potential health and environmental risks of medical waste are minimized.     

Inexact fuzzy-stochastic constraint-softened programming – A case study for waste management

In this study, an inexact fuzzy-stochastic constraint-softened programming method is developed for municipal solid waste (MSW) management under uncertainty. The developed method can deal with multiple uncertainties presented in terms of fuzzy sets, interval values and random variables. Moreover, a number of violation levels for the system constraints are allowed. This is realized through introduction of violation variables to soften system constraints, such that the model’s decision space can be expanded under demanding conditions. This can help generate a range of decision alternatives under various conditions, allowing in-depth analyses of tradeoffs among economic objective, satisfaction degree, and constraint-violation risk. The developed method is applied to a case study of planning a MSW management system. The uncertain and dynamic information can be incorporated within a multi-layer scenario tree; revised decisions are permitted in each time period based on the realized values of uncertain events. Solutions associated with different satisfaction degree levels have been generated, corresponding to different constraint-violation risks. They are useful for supporting decisions of waste flow allocation and system-capacity expansion within a multistage context.     

从产品检测看安防技术的发展和行业走向

1产品检测是质量监督的重要手段 世界各国、特别是发达国家都是通过产品检测手段来促进公平的市场竞争、保障消费者权益、建立技术壁垒.但具体作法与我国有很大的差别.在市场经济体制完善的国家,社会监督机制起主导作用,厂家的自我约束意识和消费者的自我保护意识很强.所以产品检测主要是厂家自愿的行为.     

基于模型推断法确定邛海总磷总氮浓度的参照状态

将流域入湖的氮磷负荷分为点源和非点源两部分,基于SCS模型和USLE模型,分别计算了流域入湖的溶解态和颗粒态非点源负荷,根据沿湖城镇、湖滨居民点生活污水及养殖废水排放,计算了入湖的点源负荷。通过出湖河流、湖内取水和渔产捕捞,计算了出湖的营养物负荷。通过计算的出、入湖负荷和现有的湖泊水体氮磷浓度数据,基于湖泊氮磷质量守恒,计算了氮磷的净沉降速度。根据计算的逐年入湖氮磷负荷和所建的湖泊氮磷质量守恒模型,逆推逐年的湖泊水体氮磷浓度,确定湖泊氮磷浓度的参照状态。应用建立的模型推断出邛海TP、TN浓度的参照状态分别为0.018和0.239 mg/L。构建的湖泊氮磷参照状态推断模型,所需资料少,概念清晰,在资料缺乏的其他湖泊流域具有推广应用价值。     

铁屑耦合固相反硝化对低碳氮比废水中总氮的处理

为考察脱氮效率并解决碳源不足导致总氮 (TN) 去除率不高的问题,将竹刨花作为固体碳源与挂膜载体,引入铁屑,构成耦合体系,搭建2套反硝化实验装置 (分别为耦合体系1号与单纯固相反硝化体系2号) 并对脱氮率及微生物进行分析。结果表明：进水TN为41.62~59.95 mg·L⁻¹,COD/N<0.5,水力停留时间为18 h; 13~105 d,1号TN平均去除率为73.21%~92.79%,比2号平均去除率高近1倍;1号碳源相对2号更为充足,但2体系出水COD均值都低于一级A;1号总铁释放稳定,出水总铁均值低于0.3 mg·L⁻¹,未出现NH₃-N明显积累。SEM表征结果显示,1号竹填料表面黏性物质与微生物数量更多,生物膜更加紧密。16S rRNA表征结果显示：1号具有更高的微生物丰度与多样性;2体系反硝化脱氮相关门类占主体,优势门类均为变形菌门,但1号变形菌门占比高于2号;变形菌门中,1号反硝化菌群 (属水平,丰度>1%) 类别和总占比均高于2号。由此可知,铁屑强化了碳源的分解与利用,促进了脱氮功能菌生长,显著提升了耦合体系脱氮效能,出水TN可达到地表水IV类标准(GB 3838-2002)。竹刨花获取方便灵活,铁屑低廉,两者构成的耦合体系具有巨大的实际应用前景。     

岸线码头密度对河道水动力和污染物输移影响分析——以武汉河段为例

为研究岸线码头密度对河流水动力变化及污染物输移的影响,以武汉河段为例,基于Mike21模型建立了适用于该河段的平面二维水动力-水质模型,计算了长为9.6 km的岸线范围内布置不同密度码头群后引起的附近区域内水位、流速变化以及突发水污染事故后的自净能力变化,从空间差异性、最大变幅等角度对比了三者的差异,并归纳了码头密度与水动力条件、污染物浓度变幅之间的关系.结果 表明:(1)随着码头密度增加,工程区上游水位变化较流速更敏感,工程区及下游局部位置水位变幅较小,而流速变化较为敏感,表现为前沿主流区流速增大,近岸区流速减小;当码头密度大于1.25～2.5座/km的临界范围后,水动力条件随码头密度的变幅逐渐减缓.(2)修建码头后,受水动力变化影响,工程区河段上游污染物浓度变化呈"峰前减、峰后增",但工程区下游呈"峰前增、峰后减"的特征;工程区间内表现为主流区浓度增大、近岸带浓度减小、高浓度滞留时间总体增加的变化特点.(3)受码头工程群影响,无论是区间整体上,还是局部范围内,污染物浓度相对水动力条件变幅更大,对河段内水源地的取水可能造成不利影响.以上认识对于河流岸线开发利用规模选取和效应评估具有参考意义.