新烟碱类农药的污染现状及转化行为研究进展

新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)农药自在20世纪80年代中期引入以来,便发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。近年来,该类化合物在环境中被不断检出,并通过饮用水和食物等方式进入食物链,给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。文章综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂在空气、土壤、水相、生物体和人体中的暴露浓度,以及这类农药在环境中的转化行为。目前针对新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。关于新烟碱类化合物的毒理学研究主要集中在急性毒性试验,而对于其他形式的毒性效应有待进一步研究。最后对新烟碱农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

天津近岸海域大气颗粒物无机组分季节变化及源析

2006~2007年在天津近岸海域分4个季节走航采集了不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,分析了其质量浓度以及元素、离子和碳等化学组成,并应用富集因子以及特征化合物比值对其来源进行了探讨.结果表明,天津近岸海域TSP,PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(294.98±3.95),(279.87±17.53),(205.50±38.13)μg/m3,且呈现出明显的季节变化,秋季颗粒物浓度最高,冬季次之,夏季最低. TSP、PM10和PM2.5中总元素浓度分别为48.76, 47.94,32.08 μg/m3. TSP中含量最高的离子是Na+, PM10和PM2.5中含量最高的离子是Cl-. 3种不同粒径中OC浓度秋、冬两季均明显高于春夏两季. Al/Fe的比值分析结果表明,春季TSP的主要来源为土壤尘,秋、冬季PM10和PM2.5主要受燃煤的影响. Cu、Zn和Pb的富集系数较高,其中Pb在冬季PM10中富集达到最高为741.3. NO3-/SO42-的变化范围为0.28~0.85,春夏季该比值较高于秋冬季,反映了该海域同时受燃煤与机动车污染的影响.OC/EC变化范围为2.13~5.58,表明该海域气溶胶中存在着大量二次有机碳.     

苯并噻吩脱硫菌株的筛选及脱硫活性研究

从孤岛油田油浸土样中筛选到1株能降解苯并噻吩(BT)的脱硫菌,经初步鉴定该菌为戈登氏菌属(Gordona sp.).实验证明:该菌能以类似于4S途径脱除BT及其衍生物中的硫,但是不能脱除二苯并噻吩(DBT)及其衍生物中的硫.GC-MS分析表明该途径的终产物为邻羟基苯乙醛或其异构体苯并呋喃.在以BT为唯一硫源的培养基中30℃培养48h,Gordona sp.C-6能降解0.15mmol/L的BT,终产物占发酵培养基中BT加入量的50%,其余BT在有氧培养过程中挥发.通过Matlab拟合曲线确定以邻羟基苯乙酸为标准品进行产物定量检测的方法.     

水解酸化-SBR-BAF工艺处理中药废水

分析现有中药废水处理工艺及废水特点,并考虑到废水处理技术改造的要求,采用水解酸化-SBR-BAF法联合处理该中药废水,研究了SBR反应器的曝气时间、温度及原水pH值对系统处理效果的影响。系统进水ρ(COD)为1 249.4~1 444.5 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)为201.2~292.8 mg/L、ρ(SS)为208.7~310.6 mg/L、色度为70~100倍,曝气时间为14 h、温度为20℃、pH值为7时,出水ρ(COD)为123.4~140.8 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)为19.4~26.1 mg/L、ρ(SS)为32.7~60.4 mg/L、色度为36~50倍,COD、BOD5、SS的平均去除率分别达到90.3%、90.7%、81.8%,表明HAT-SBR-BAF法处理该中药废水是可行的。     

Quinone-mediated decolorization of sulfonated azo dyes by cells and cellextracts from Sphingomonas xenophaga

The effects of various quinone compounds on the decolorization rates of sulfonated azo dyes by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) was the most effective redox mediator and AQS reduction was the rate-limited step of AQS-mediated decolorization of sulfonated azo dyes. Based on AQS biological toxicity tests, it was assumed that AQS might enter the cells to kill them. In the cytoplasmic extracts from strain QYY, AQS effectively increased decolorization rates of sulfonated azo dyes than other quinone compounds. In addition, we found a NADH/FMN-dependent AQS reductase using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE).     

Relation of lead adsorption on birnessites with different average oxidation states of manganese and release of Mn^2＋/H^＋/K^＋

The characteristics of Pb2+ adsorption on the surface of birnessites with different average oxidation states (AOS) of Mn, synthesized under acidic and alkali conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increase of Mn AOS in birnessites. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed positively correlated with the amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+ (r = 0.9962 > 0.6614, n = 14, α = 0.01). The released Mn2+, H+, and K+ were derived mostly from the corresponding catio...     

基于空间插值方法的中国南方酸雨时空分布格局模拟及分析

酸雨时空动态变化监测一直是环境治理所需的重要信息. 在我国南方酸雨“两控区”(酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区)1991—2001年酸雨观测站年降水pH数据的基础上,采用反距离加权(IDW)、普通克里格(OK)和基于样条函数的ANUSPLIN等3种方法进行酸雨空间插值模拟,并进行验证. 对比分析了3种方法酸雨插值结果与实测值的统计误差、预测标准误差和相对误差区间分布,以及依据插值结果得出的酸雨分布图层. 结果表明:反距离加权法和普通克里格法仅能反映酸雨水平方向上的分布特点,而ANUSPLIN法由于加入了地形作为协变量因子,可很好地反映酸雨空间分布的地形变异特点,更合理地体现了酸雨时空分布特征. ANUSPLIN法插值结果表明,酸雨严重区主要分布在四川盆地、长江以南广大地区,酸雨强度沿长江向西北及北方地区有不断扩大的趋势.      

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺在水体泥沙中的吸附及光解特性

实验室模拟条件下研究了泥沙对N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)的吸附和光解特性以及影响因素. 结果表明:DMAC在泥沙中的吸附同时符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型. 不同紫外光照强度下,DMAC的光解反应半衰期均大于8 h. DMAC的光解率随光照强度的增大而增大;在ρ(DMAC)较低范围(<20 mg/L)内,同一紫外光照强度下,初始ρ(DMAC)越高光解速率越快;在pH为6～9的自然环境中,初始pH越高越有利于DMAC的光解;当水体中含有腐殖酸时,DMAC的光解率显著降低.      

钛酸铋光催化降解水中酸性大红的研究

采用异丙醇助水热法制备了钛酸铋光催化剂,UV-vis漫反射测试表明其光吸收带较TiO2发生了红移,通过多点BET法计算出其比表面积为14.16m2/g,平均孔径为21.05nm。以酸性大红为模拟污染物,在三相内循环流化床光催化反应器中进行光催化反应,研究了废水的pH值以及钛酸铋投加量对酸性大红脱色率的影响。结果表明:废水的pH=3.0,催化剂投加量为0.1g/L是最佳反应条件;当流量为10L/h时,连续运行3h后,酸性大红染料的去除率可达92.0%;当处理水量增大时,经过两级处理,酸性大红染料的总去除率仍可达到94.4%。