Reactive transport modeling of column experiments on the evolution of saline-alkaline waste solutions

Leakage of saline-alkaline tank waste solutions often creates a serious environmental contamination problem. To better understand the mechanisms controlling the fate of such waste solutions in the Hanford vadose zone, we simulated reactive transport in columns designed to represent local site conditions. The Pitzer ion interaction module was used, with principal geochemical processes considered in the simulation including quartz dissolution, precipitation of brucite, calcite, and portlandite, multi-component cation exchange, and aqueous complexation reactions. Good matches were observed between the simulated and measured column data at ambient temperature ( approximately 21 degrees C). Relatively good agreement was also obtained at high temperature ( approximately 70 degrees C). The decrease of pH at the plume front is examined through formation of secondary mineral phases and/or quartz dissolution. Substantial formation of secondary mineral phases resulting from multi-component cation exchange suggests that these phases are responsible for a decrease in pH within the plume front. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted with respect to cation exchange capacity, selectivity coefficient, mineral assemblage, temperature, and ionic strength. This study could serve as a useful guide to subsequent experimental work, to thermodynamic models developed for the concentrated solutions at high ionic strength and to other types of waste plume studies.     

微分脉冲阴极溶出伏安法测定环境水样中的痕量硒

采用微分脉冲阴极溶出法测定环境水样中的痕量硒,以银电极为工作电极,在酸性介质0.06mol.l^-1HCl-0.07mol.l^-1HNO3溶液中于－0.35V(vs SCE)处富集20min,使Se(IV)电沉积为硒化银,然后,以40mV.s^-1的扫速,在碱性介质2．0mol.l^-1NaOH溶液中阴极溶出至－1.2V(vsSCE),硒化银被还原为银的溶出峰电位约为－0.85V(vs SCE),硒的分析校正曲直到40ng.ml^-1仍然成线性,检测下限为11.5pg.ml^-1,相关系为0.9982,灵敏度为10.93uA/ng.ml^-1,20ng.ml^-1的RSD（n=5)为1．26％,检出限（3σ为3.46pg.ml^-1,环境水样中常见离子的存在不干扰痕量硒的测定。     

乙草胺和丁草胺的水解及其动力学

本文研究了乙草胺和丁草肢在恒温２５℃,ｐＨ值为４,７,１０蒸馏水和河水中的水解动力学．酰胺类除草剂的水解反应属于一级反应．结果显示乙草胺和丁草胺在蒸馏水和河水中的水解速度差不多,在ｐＨ ４水溶液中的水解速度较在ｐＨ７和１０的速度快,Ｈ＋有催化水解的作用．乙草胺在ｐＨ４,７,１０的速率常数分别为５×ｌ０－４ｄ－１,３×１０－４ｄ－１,３×１０－４ｄ－１．半衰期分别为１３８６ｄ,２３ｌ０ｄ,２３１０ｄ．丁草胺在ｐＨ４,７,１０的速率常数分别为 ｌ．１× １０－３ｄ－１,６ × １０－４ｄ－１,６ × １０－４ｄ－１．半衰期分别为 ６３０ｄ,１１５５ｄ,１１５５ｄ．     

电化学方法生成羟基自由基及其在酸性铬蓝降解脱色中的应用1)

在电解槽中,以Ｎａ２ＳＯ４为支持电解质,多孔石墨电极为阴极,金属铁为阳极,在１０ｍＡ·ｃｍ－２的阴极电流密度下,电解生成的过氧化氢与阳极溶解的Ｆｅ２＋进行反应,生成羟基自由基(Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂),进而对有机染料进行氧化反应,使其不饱和双键断裂,从而达到有机染料降解、脱色的目的,在生成Ｆｅｎｔｏｎｎ试剂的反应中,Ｆｅ２＋被氧化为 Ｆｅ３＋,生成的 Ｆｅ３＋在阴极得电子后重新被还原为Ｆｅ２＋,因此,在电解槽中 Ｆｅ２＋起着催化剂的作用．ＣＯＤ的去除率大于８０%,脱色率达１００%．脱色速率的测定表明其为一级反应,反应速度常数ｋ等于ｌ．９８ × １０－４ｓ－１．     

浙江省梅汛期洪涝灾情分析和预测

通过所构设的雨涝强度、雨涝影响面积等统计量来估计浙江省梅汛期的灾情,有较高的准确率,能估计出极端情况,为灾害评估工作提供了新的思路。     

Evolution of heavy metal speciation during the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge

The contents of heavy metals and their bioavailability to the soil-plant system were the major limitation to the application of sewage sludge compost in soil. This study was conducted to determine the evolution of heavy metal speciation in the course of an aerobic composting, and investigate the influence of changes of composting process parameters including pH, temperature and organic matter (OM) content on distribution of heavy metal speciation in composted sludge. The sequential extraction procedure developed by Tessier et al. was used in sludge compost to determine the heavy metal speciation. Results showed that, during composting, (1) the contents of the residue fraction for Pb, Zn and Cd were decreased but those for Ni and Cr were increased; the Cu residue fraction was almost constant; (2) the contents of the total mobile fractions (including fractions 1-4) for Zn and Pb were significantly increased, but the increase of those for Cu and Ni were not so remarkable; (3) there were significant degrees of correlation between heavy metal fractions and changes of some selected parameters (for example, pH, composting temperature, and OM content). Only the content of the total mobile fractions for Cu could be predictable from its total content. For the prediction of the total mobile fractions of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr, the R(2) value was significantly increased by the inclusion of other variables such as pH, temperature and OM content.     

Desorption of copper and cadmium from soils enhanced by organic acids

The adsorption/desorption behavior of copper and cadmium on soils was investigated in this study. The adsorption isotherm of copper and cadmium conformed to Langmuir equation better than Freundlich equation. The effect of ionic strength, pH, and organic acid, including ethylenediamine tetraacetic disodium acid salt (EDTA), citric acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid, on the desorption of copper and cadmium was studied. The desorption of copper and cadmium increased with the increase of ionic strength, while the desorption decreased with the rise of pH. The desorption of copper and cadmium enhanced by organic acids was influenced by pH. EDTA showed excellent enhancement on the desorption of both copper and cadmium; citric acid demonstrated great enhancement on the desorption of copper but negligible enhancement on the desorption of cadmium; oxalic acid enhanced the desorption of copper only at pH around 6.4 and enhanced the desorption of cadmium in the pH range from 6.4 to 10.7; tartaric acid slightly enhanced the desorption of copper but negligibly enhanced the desorption of cadmium. The desorption mechanism in the presence of organic acids were explained as the competition of complexation, adsorption and precipitation. The net effect determined the desorption efficiency. This study provided guidance for the selection of organic acids to enhance the electrokinetic (EK) remediation of copper and cadmium from contaminated soils.     

白腐真菌反应器处理废水的研究进展

介绍了白腐真菌的生物学特性及其降解污染物的优势,综述了生物转盘反应器、搅拌釜生物反应器、气升式生物反应器、流化床生物反应器、填充床生物反应器、转管生物反应器、空心纤维反应器等白腐真菌反应器的结构特点和在废水处理方面的研究进展,指出了目前白腐真菌反应器应用中存在的问题。     

我国石化企业节水措施探讨

归纳了目前我国石化企业节水工作的主要内容;探讨了用水管理、蒸汽凝结水回收和污水回用中的部分技术问题;介绍了节水工作的基本流程、技术特点、使用范围和应注意的问题等。