便携式分光光度计法快速测定水中砷方法研究

通过研究各仪器性能指标以及测定实际水质样品,对3种便携式分光光度计快速测定水中砷的方法进行了优化和比对研究。结果表明,ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪快速测定水中砷的方法检出限(0.2 mg/L)高于JH 916检测仪和PORS-15 V光谱仪的方法检出限(0.008和0.009 mg/L),在突发性环境污染事故应急监测中,JH 916检测仪和PORS-15 V光谱仪具有相对较高的灵敏度。ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪和JH 916检测仪快速测定水中砷的方法精密度相近,其测定结果相对标准偏差均未超过5.7%(n=6),PORS-15 V光谱仪快速测定水中砷的方法精密度稍差,其相对标准偏差最大值为17%。测定实际样品时,加标回收率分别为110%~126%(ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪),63%~108%(PORS-15 V光谱仪),78%~101%(JH 916检测仪)。3种便携式分光光度计与实验室分析方法相比,测定结果精密度均存在显著性差异,测定结果相对偏差亦较大,相对偏差最大值分别为-19.0%(ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪),17.0%(PORS-15 V光谱仪),-15.0%(JH 916检测仪)。     

大数据解析技术在大气环境监测中的应用研究

针对近年来新兴的大数据及挖掘、分析技术,对大数据解析技术在环境科学研究中的应用进行了分析和探析。以城市局部地区大气细颗粒污染物PM2.5浓度计算为例,筛选了PM2.5浓度历史数据、气象条件、交通状况、人群活动情况、网格道路状况等数据为影响特征量,分析了用神经网络法进行大数据解析和推演的原理和数学过程,是用数学、计算机、统计等方法研究解决多元、非线性复杂环境问题的一种新的探索。     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法分离复杂体系中7种指示剂 多氯联苯

采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(GC×GC TOF-MS)分析了混标样品Aroclor 1260、Aroclor 1254、Aroclor 1242中的多氯联苯(PCBs)单体,考察了在复杂体系下对7种PCBs指示剂的分离能力。结果表明,与优化柱系统的分离效果相比,136种单体的混标样品中共分离出121种单体,7种指示剂经一维和二维的保留时间及质谱定性,在121种单体的2D斑点图中清晰可辨。全二维对于复杂体系的PCBs和指示剂的分离表明其强大的分离能力和对于检测复杂体系中指示剂的分辨能力,对该类物质的定性和定量检测具有重要意义。     

电解铝企业阳极残渣、阳极残极浸出毒性鉴别及管理建议

对电解铝企业产生的阳极残渣、阳极残极浸出毒性进行了鉴别。鉴别结果表明：电解铝企业产生阳极残渣浸出液中氟化物（不含氟化钙）平均质量浓度为140 mg／L,最高达244 mg／L,且超标试样数达到《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》中相应规定,鉴别该废物属于危险废物,应按照危险废物进行管理;阳极残极浸出液中氟化物（不含氟化钙）平均质量浓度为74 mg／L,无超标试样数,该废物不属于具有氟化物浸出毒性的固体废物,建议仍按一般固体废物进行管理。     

徐州市生活垃圾填埋场地下水典型金属污染物研究

在对徐州地区生活垃圾填埋场调查分析的基础上,根据填埋特征和地质状况选取4座典型填埋场为调查对象,采用ICP-MS对垃圾渗滤液及地下水中26种重金属进行监测分析。结果表明,在4个垃圾填埋场地下水及渗滤液中ρ(Sr)均相对较高(700μg/L);地下水中金属元素均正在以Ca,Mg为主向Na,Mg为主转化;地下水中Al,B质量浓度大小顺序为Y场(雁群)S场(睢宁)C场(翠屏山)P场(邳州);4个垃圾填埋场共同典型重金属污染物为Mn,Fe,Zn,Ba;除上述污染物外,Y场地下水潜在典型重金属污染物为Pb和Mo;S场为Mo和As;C场为Tl和Co;P场为As。     

典型湖泊水华特征及相关影响因素分析

通过2011-2015年对太湖、巢湖和滇池水华高发季节的连续监测,以藻类密度和水华面积为判据评价了3个湖体的水华情况及变化趋势,探讨了水华发生的主要影响因素。结果表明：太湖水华程度以"轻度水华"为主,巢湖水华程度以"轻微水华"为主,滇池水华程度以"中度水华"为主;太湖、巢湖和滇池水华规模均以"零星性水华"为主;太湖和巢湖藻类密度与水温、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与氨氮无显著相关性;滇池藻类密度与水温、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关,与透明度和氨氮呈显著负相关,与pH、溶解氧和总氮无显著相关性。     

Impacts of ecological water conveyance on groundwater dynamics and vegetation recovery in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in northwest China

The ecological water conveyance project (EWCP) in the lower reaches of the Tarim River provided a valuable opportunity to study hydro-ecological processes of desert riparian vegetation. Ecological effects of the EWCP were assessed at large spatial and temporal scales based on 13 years of monitoring data. This study analyzed the trends in hydrological processes and the ecological effects of the EWCP. The EWCP resulted in increased groundwater storage—expressed as a general rise in the groundwater table—and improved soil moisture conditions. The change of water conditions also directly affected vegetative cover and the phenology of herbs, trees, and shrubs. Vegetative cover of herbs was most closely correlated to groundwater depth at the last year-end (R?=?0.81), and trees and shrubs were most closely correlated to annual average groundwater depth (R?=?0.79 and 0.66, respectively). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) responded to groundwater depth on a 1-year time lag. Although the EWCP improved the NDVI, the study area is still sparsely vegetated. The main limitation of the EWCP is that it can only preserve the survival of existing vegetation, but it does not effectively promote the reproduction and regeneration of natural vegetation.     

电子设备缓蚀剂对电子设备防护的应用研究

目的 研究DZ-1电子设备缓蚀剂用于电子设备防护的有效性.方法 参照MIL-PRF-81309G、MIL-L-87177A和Q/AVIC 03018中的试验方法,对自主研制的DZ-1电子设备缓蚀剂的性能进行全面评价.结果 DZ-1电子设备缓蚀剂没有闪点,在运输、储藏及使用过程中非常安全,使用性能良好,很容易去除,能够去...     

The drivers of risk to water security in Shanghai

Big cities are often said to have big water problems, and Shanghai is no exception. In this paper, we examine and compare the influence of the major factors that give rise to the risk of water insecurity in Shanghai. There is an extensive and diverse literature on these issues, dealt with in isolation, and here, we provide a synthesis of the literature, together with our own assessments and calculations, to assess what are the risks to Shanghai’s water supply and what is our degree of confidence in this assessment. We describe the systems that supply water to the city, and past and future changes in the systems, including changes in the glaciers that supply some water to the river, changes in climate, changes in land use, the construction of dams, and water diversions. We show how, at the same time as Shanghai is increasing its dependence on the Yangtze river, water diversions and sea level rise are increasing the risk that this water will be too saline to consume at certain times of the year. This analysis suggests that most of the major drivers of the risk to water security in Shanghai are within the power of environmental managers to control.     

高频超声波降解4-氯酚的反应机理及试验研究

探讨了高频超声波（1.7MHz)降解4-氯酚的反应过程和反应机理，研究了高频超声波降解4-氯酚的效果及4-氯酚的初始浓度，高级氧化方法（AOPs)等因素对降解效果的影响。试验结果表明，高频超声波降解4-氯酚为一级反应，超声波空化效应在降解过程中起主导作用。超声波与其他氧化方法联用可大大提高降解效率。具有良好的工业应用前景。