风量对高频气力分选机分选效率及金属分布规律的影响——以废弃印刷电路板粉末为例

以金属高富集粒级0.5～0.125 mm的废弃电路板为分选物料,通过ICP-AES测定分选产品,研究了风量对高频气力分选机分选效率及金属分布规律的影响.结果表明,风量变化对分选效率及金属分布规律影响显著,当风量为200m3/h时分选效率达到最大值78.23％,铜品位为86.745％,相比原料中铜品位13.96％,富集约6.2倍.随着风量的变化,金属的分布呈现规律性变化:密度比铜大或与铜相差不多的金属颗粒(铅、铂和锌等),其变化规律与铜相似,回收率在85％左右变化;密度比铜小很多的金属颗粒(铝、镁等),由于其密度与分选物料中的非金属非常接近,在分选过程中会随非金属带人轻产物中去,从而造成重产物中铝和镁品位最低,甚至低于其在原料中的品位.所以若要分离富集铝和镁,须对分选后的物料进行二次分选.     

Nitrous oxide generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process: main causes and control measures

Despite the many benefits of denitrifying phosphorus removal process, the significant generation of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, remains a problem for this innovative and promising process. To better understand and more effectively control N₂O generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the main causes of N₂O generation, based on which the control measures were subsequently proposed. The results showed that N₂O generation accounted for 0.41 % of the total nitrogen removal in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, whereas, in contrast, almost no N₂O was generated in conventional denitrification process. It was further demonstrated that the weak competition of N₂O reductase for electrons and the high nitrite accumulation were the two main causes for N₂O generation, evidenced by N₂O production and reduction rates under different conditions. Accordingly, the reduction of N₂O generation was successfully achieved via two control measures: (1) the use of continuous nitrate addition reducing N₂O generation by around 91.4 % and (2) the use of propionate as the carbon source reducing N₂O generation by around 69.8 %.     

Occurrence and distribution of organic trace substances in waters from the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

This study deals with the evaluation of water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in order to assess its suitability as a raw water source for drinking water production. Therefore, water samples from (1) surface water, (2) tap water, and (3) wastewater treatment plant effluents were taken randomly by 2011–2012 in the area of the TGR and were analyzed for seven different organic contaminant groups (207 substances in total), applying nine different analytical methods. In the three sampled water sources, typical contaminant patterns were found, i.e., pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface water with concentrations of 0.020–3.5 μg/L and 0.004–0.12 μg/L, disinfection by-products in tap water with concentrations of 0.050–79 μg/L, and pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plant effluents with concentrations of 0.020–0.76 μg/L, respectively. The most frequently detected organic compounds in surface water (45 positives out of 57 samples) were the pyridine pesticides clopyralid and picloram. The concentrations might indicate that they are used on a regular basis and in conjunction in the area of the TGR. Three- and four-ring PAH were ubiquitously distributed, while the poorly soluble five- and six-ring members, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, were below the detection limit. In general, the detected concentrations in TGR are in the same range or even lower compared to surface waters in western industrialized countries, although contaminant loads can still be high due to a high discharge. With the exception of the two pesticides, clopyralid and picloram, concentrations of the investigated organic pollutants in TGR meet the limits of the Chinese Standards for Drinking Water Quality GB 5749 (Ministry of Health of China and Standardization Administration of China 2006) and the European Union (EU) Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption (The Council of the European Union 1998), or rather, the EU Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union 2008). Therefore, the suggested use of surface water from TGR for drinking water purposes is a valid option. Current treatment methods, however, do not seem to be efficient since organic pollutants were detected in significant concentrations in purified tap water.     

微波热解城市污水污泥的H2S释放影响因素研究

利用微波热解城市污水污泥是实现污泥无害化、减量化和资源化的有效出路之一,但热解过程中产生的恶臭气体(如H2S等)也会对大气环境造成严重的影响.以微波热解城市污水污泥10 min所收集的气体为研究对象,研究了热解终温、污泥含水率、升温速率及矿物催化剂种类4个因素对热解过程中H2S产量的影响.结果表明,随着热解终温的升高,城市污水污泥微波热解过程中的H2S产量逐渐上升,800℃时H2S产量为5.86 mg/g(以干污泥计,下同);含水率在50％～80％时,随着含水率的增加,城市污水污泥微波热解过程中的H2S产量逐渐上升,当含水率增至90％时,污泥出现了泥水分层现象,致使后续热解反应无法进行,故没有H2S产生;升温速率越快,热解反应的活化能越高,反应不易进行,H2S产量降低;添加矿物催化剂能有效固硫,且雷尼镍基催化剂的效果更好,热解终温为800℃时的H2S产量为4.15 mg/g,较不添加矿物催化剂时降低约30％;可通过铜铁吸收法和活性炭吸附两步工艺对热解产生的H2S加以吸收处理,处理后的H2S排放浓度满足《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554-93)中的厂界一级标准限值.     

Effects of cadmium exposure on digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense

In this study, the effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on the activities of disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase, and maltase), amylase, trypsin, pepsase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the alimentary system of freshwater crabs Sinopotamon henanense were studied. Results showed that the enzyme activities in the stomach, intestine, and hepatopancreas changed with Cd concentration. In terms of digestive enzymes, Cd exposure had an inhibitory effect on the activities of the disaccharidases, amylase, and pepsase (only in the stomach). Significant induction of trypsin activity by Cd at a lower concentration was observed, but as Cd concentration increased, trypsin activity decreased. Maltase activity showed a slight recovery after inhibition by Cd. The activities of SOD and CAT increased initially and decreased subsequently. Cd significantly inhibited the activity of GPx. MDA content increased with increasing concentration of Cd. These results showed that acute Cd exposure led to harmful effects on the alimentary system of crabs, which are likely linked to Cd induced oxidative stress.     

嗪草酮降解菌Rhodococcus sp.MA的降解特性及固定化应用

从农田土壤中分离得到1株嗪草酮高效降解菌株,命名为MA,该菌5 d对50 mg·L^-1嗪草酮的降解率达到74.8%,最适反应温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0.根据表型与生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,将其鉴定为Rhodococcus sp.MA.利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）鉴定菌株MA降解嗪草酮的中间产物为脱氨基嗪草酮.以海藻酸钠为包埋剂,经正交试验表明,3%海藻酸钠、2% CaCl₂、包埋比8：1和固定时间6 h条件下,菌株对嗪草酮的降解效率最高,为71.2%.将固定化菌体细胞用于修复实验,结果表明,未固定化处理的菌液对湖水及池塘水中嗪草酮（15 mg·L^-1）的去除率分别为72.1%和69.9%;固定化处理后可提高对嗪草酮的去除率,分别达到87.3%和82.6%,具有良好的应用前景.     

新发展阶段生态环境监测面临的若干问题和解决思路

“十四五”时期是我国全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标之后,乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的第一个五年,我国将进入新发展阶段。通过研究新发展阶段需求,分析生态环境监测存在的问题和短板,指出在职能转变、“减污降碳”、“真、准、全”等方面距离深入治污攻坚要求存在的差距,并以新发展理念为指导,研究提出生态环境监测体系与监测能力现代化建设的内涵实质、重要基础以及关键突破口,为加快构建生态环境监测新发展格局提供参考。     

完善环境监测技术监督体系的思考

阐述了环境监测技术监督的概念及其重要性和必要性,分析了由于认识不到位、手段欠缺、机制不完善等原因而导致的技术监督作用的弱化表现。提出开展环境质量现状、污染源状况、开发区环境质量、环境管理措施绩效、监测科研课题等多项技术监督,利用报告、会议、区域目标考核等形式,建立多部门联动的环境质量分析会机制、项目审批过程的跟踪监测机制、环境管理污染防治的目标考核机制、监察处罚的效果点评机制、环境监测部门内部的资源整合机制,进一步完善技术监督体系。     

环境监测卫星Suomi NPP业务特性及生态环境监测应用

介绍了美国2011年10月发射的环境监测卫星Suomi NPP的业务特性,利用该卫星获取的可见光/红外成像辐射仪VIIRS 遥感影像资料,开展了其在江苏省生态环境监测工作中应用效果研究。结果表明,NPP 卫星 VIIRS 载荷可有效地对江苏省太湖蓝藻水华、秸秆焚烧火点等进行遥感监测和分析,且观测性能较 MODIS 有所优化,还提供了夜间灯光强度、气溶胶、大气颗粒物等遥感产品,是生态环境监测的新型遥感信息源,可提升宏观生态环境问题的遥感监测能力。     

基于光学遥测技术的合肥市气溶胶参数观测

为了解合肥市气溶胶光学特性参数,采用太阳光度计CE318对雾霾期间气溶胶进行监测并分析了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、Angstorm波长指数(α)、体积谱函数等气溶胶光学特性参数。同时采用多轴差分吸收光谱技术(MAX-DOAS)反演了雾霾期间二次气溶胶前体物NO2柱浓度并和固定点测量的颗粒物(PM)浓度进行了对比。分析表明,雾霾期间的气溶胶光学厚度比晴天高,且随波长的增加而减少。Angstorm波长指数在雾霾天气时平均值较高,表明合肥雾霾天气期间气溶胶粒子以细粒子为主。气溶胶前体物NO2浓度变化与雾霾天气空气中颗粒物含量(PM10、PM2.5等)变化一致性较好,表明二次气溶胶可能对气溶胶颗粒浓度有一定影响。