浙江省火电行业主要污染物减排环境效益研究

利用美国环保局开发的新一代空气质量模式系统Models-3,对2010 年浙江省大气污染物进行数值模拟研究,并对SO₂、NO₂ 和PM₁₀ 等大气污染物浓度的模拟结果与监测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,Models-3 系统能较好地反映浙江省的大气污染情况,模拟值与观测值的变化趋势具有较好的一致性,说明该模式能较好地进行大气污染物的分布特征和变化规律的研究。为定量分析电力行业多污染物协同控制与区域复合型大气污染之间的定量关系,评估不同控制情景下的环境质量效益,应用CMAQ 空气质量模型分别对2010 年基准排放情景和火电行业主要污染物(SO₂、NO_x 和烟尘)的三套减排控制情景,评价环境空气污染物SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5 和PM₁₀ 状况进行模拟,评价污染物减排的环境效益。三套方案下PM_2.5 浓度下降比例分别为0.53%、0.55% 和0.57%,其中重点区域浓度下降比例分别为4.36%、4.38%和5.9%;PM₁₀ 浓度下降比例分别为0.40%、0.42% 和0.65%,重点区域下降比例分别为3.42%、5.82% 和8.16%;NO_x 浓度下降比例分别为12.4% 和13.3%,重点区域下降比例分别为13.8% 和16.9%;SO₂ 下降比例平均为11.24%,其中重点区域下降比例为14.4%。SO₂、NO_x 和烟(粉)尘协同减排对于浙江地区特别是重点区域的环境空气质量改善有着显著意义。     

废旧手机电池的回收现状分析及对策一以泸州市为例

网络信息时代的快速发展,以移动电话手机为代表的通讯设备迅猛发展,人们换手机的频率也越来越快,因此产生了大量的废旧手机电池。为了解废旧手机电池的回收利用情况,本研究主要通过对居民就废旧手机电池的处理方式进行了调查和统计,针对泸州市废旧手机电池的处理现状,提出相应的管理措施和回收利用的对策。     

Integrative Management of Commercialized Wild Mushroom: A Case Study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thelephora ganbajun</Emphasis> in Yunnan,Southwest China

The management of wild mushroom is interdisciplinary in nature, whereby the biophysical considerations have to be incorporated into the context of a wide range of social, economic and political concerns. However, to date, little documentation exists illustrating an interdisciplinary approach to management of wild mushrooms. Moreover, the empirical case studies necessary for developing applicable and practical methods are even more rare. This paper adopted an interdisciplinary approach combining participatory methods to improve the habitat management of Thelephora ganbajun, an endemic and one of the most economically valuable mushroom species in Southwest China. The paper documents an empirical case of how an interdisciplinary approach facilitated the development of a scientific basis for policy and management practice, and built the local capacity to create, adopt and sustain the new rules and techniques of mushroom management. With this integrative perspective, a sustainable management strategy was developed, which was found not only technically feasible for farmers, but also acceptable to the government from an ecological and policy-related perspective. More importantly, this approach has greatly contributed to raising the income of farmers. The paper highlights how the integration of biophysical and socioeconomic factors and different knowledge systems provided a holistic perspective to problem diagnosis and resolution, which helped to cope with conventional scientific dilemmas. Finally, it concludes that the success of this interdisciplinary approach is significant in the context of policy decentralization and reform for incorporating indigenous knowledge and local participation in forest management.     

劣质重油炼化污水预处理技术开发与工程实践

研究从水质特征与分类入手,通过开发并集成水体重油高品质回收、非溶解态污染物净化、水体脱硫除臭、水质可生化性调控等技术,设计出以均质沉降除油—一级破乳除油除硫—二级破乳除油除硫—缓冲罐一级生化性调控—二级生化性调控为主体工艺路线的劣质重油炼化污水预处理装置。通过加强污水源头控制,降低生物毒性,提高可生化性,保障综合污水场的升级达标排放,满足DB 21/1627-2008《辽宁省污水综合排放标准》,并为污水场实施节能降耗、工艺流程优化创造了有利条件。     

Relationships between net primary productivity and stand age for several forest types and their influence on China's carbon balance

Affected by natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as forest fires, insect-induced mortality and harvesting, forest stand age plays an important role in determining the distribution of carbon pools and fluxes in a variety of forest ecosystems. An improved understanding of the relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and stand age (i.e., age-related increase and decline in forest productivity) is essential for the simulation and prediction of the global carbon cycle at annual, decadal, centurial, or even longer temporal scales. In this paper, we developed functions describing the relationship between national mean NPP and stand age using stand age information derived from forest inventory data and NPP simulated by the BEPS (Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator) model in 2001. Due to differences in ecobiophysical characteristics of different forest types, NPP-age equations were developed for five typical forest ecosystems in China (deciduous needleleaf forest (DNF), evergreen needleleaf forest in tropic and subtropical zones (ENF-S), deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF), evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF), and mixed broadleaf forest (MBF)). For DNF, ENF-S, EBF, and MBF, changes in NPP with age were well fitted with a common non-linear function, with R(2) values equal to 0.90, 0.75, 0.66, and 0.67, respectively. In contrast, a second order polynomial was best suitable for simulating the change of NPP for DBF, with an R(2) value of 0.79. The timing and magnitude of the maximum NPP varied with forest types. DNF, EBF, and MBF reached the peak NPP at the age of 54, 40, and 32 years, respectively, while the NPP of ENF-S maximizes at the age of 13 years. The highest NPP of DBF appeared at 122 years. NPP was generally lower in older stands with the exception of DBF, and this particular finding runs counter to the paradigm of age-related decline in forest growth. Evaluation based on measurements of NPP and stand age at the plot-level demonstrates the reliability and applicability of the fitted NPP-age relationships. These relationships were used to replace the normalized NPP-age relationship used in the original InTEC (Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon) model, to improve the accuracy of estimated carbon balance for China's forest ecosystems. With the revised NPP-age relationship, the InTEC model simulated a larger carbon source from 1950-1980 and a larger carbon sink from 1985-2001 for China's forests than the original InTEC model did because of the modification to the age-related carbon dynamics in forests. This finding confirms the importance of considering the dynamics of NPP related to forest age in estimating regional and global terrestrial carbon budgets.     

新形势下我国环境管理与改革取向

在\"十三五\"我国经济新常态的大逻辑下,环境管理机遇和挑战并存。污染欠账多、污染随着产业转移、政策执行走样、排污收费覆盖面窄、收取率低等,制约环境管理和环保产业的发展。对环境污染的严重性和复杂性、生态环境形势的十分严峻性,以及对污染治理的艰巨性和长期性,应当有一个清醒认识。扭转环境保护与经济发展不协调、不可持续状况,满足城乡居民日益高涨的环境诉求,必须调整环境管理思路,加快改革步伐,扭转环境保护\"弱势\"格局,厘清环境管理、环境事业和环境市场之间的关系,形成以排污许可证为依据的管理主线、以环境标准为准绳的倒逼机制,以环境司法裁定为常态的终身责任追究制度,创造一个人人守法、企业自觉治理污染和保护环境的社会氛围。     

衡山PM2.5中痕量金属元素的分析

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定PM2.5中12种痕量金属元素的方法。对不同消解体系进行了讨论,确定采用HNO3＋H2O2消解体系。方法检出限在0.01～6.4 ng/m3之间,精密度为0.5%～8.9%,加标回收率在69.2%～92.6%之间。应用该方法测定了衡山PM2.5中痕量金属元素的含量,讨论了痕量元素的浓度分布特征,对各元素进行了相关性分析,并应用富集因子法对来源进行了分析。     

A process integration approach to industrial water conservation: a case study for a Chinese steel plant

A systematic approach to optimizing water network has traditionally been utilized to exam and plan water conservation in industrial processes. In the present case study, water-pinch technology was used to analyze and optimize the water network of a steel plant near China's Zhangjiakou city. A system design was developed and a limiting constraint (Cl(-) concentration) was identified based on investigations of water quality then the minimum freshwater and wastewater targets were determined without considering water losses. The analysis was then extended by calculating the additional input of freshwater required to balance the actual water losses. A nearest-neighbor algorithm (NNA) was used to distribute the freshwater and recycled water among each of the plant's operations. The results showed that with some reconstruction of the water network, the flow rates of freshwater and wastewater could be decreased by 57.5% and 81.9%, respectively.     

新形势下河北省农村可再生能源管理与政策研究

我国农村可再生能源发展面临生态文明建设、能源安全趋紧、大气污染严重等新的形势变化。作为农业大省,河北省近年来农村可再生能源发展与管理成绩显著,为改善农民生活、保护生态环境、增加能源供应、促进经济社会发展等做出了积极贡献。但新形势下,其农村可再生能源管理也暴露出了思想认识不足、部分法规政策滞后、缺乏宏观科学规划、资金筹措机制单一、后续监督管理不够等问题,需要从加强宣传教育、提高认识水平,完善规章制度、形成法律体系,制定科学规划、明确目标计划,拓宽融资渠道、稳定资金支持、完善服务体系、加强后续管理等方面完善管理与政策,以推进其健康持续发展。