长白山温带森林单萜烯排放模拟

于2010年夏季,采用松弛涡度积累(Relaxed Eddy Accumulation)技术在长白山温带森林铁塔上测量了挥发性有机物(VOC)冠层尺度的排放通量,同步测量了气象参数、光合有效辐射(PAR)等,初步获得长白山阔叶林单萜烯的排放通量.同时,利用PAR能量守恒原理,建立了冠层尺度上单萜烯排放的经验模式.结果发现,模拟结果与测量结果比较一致,平均而言,模拟值高出测量值约20%～40%.采用不同方法对经验模式进行了检验,结果表明,采用比较各个采样时段平均值的方法可行,而且经验模式对于2010年夏季不同采样时段的平均值也给出了较好的模拟结果,其模拟值高出测量值约20%～24%.     

Fume Control in Rubber Processing By Direct-Flame Incineration

The application of direct-flame incineration to successfully eliminate a smoke-oil-mist and odor problem in the manufacture of rubber-base rug underlay, is presented. The investigation of various air pollution control processes leading to the development and adoption of the direct-flame incineration system, is covered. The rug-underlay curing process incorporating the direct-flame incineration system with primary heat recovery is described. Results and discussion of a source test to determine the effectiveness of direct-flame incineration in this application are included.     

Evaluating the impact of interdisciplinary networking in environmental geochemistry and health: reviewing SEGH conferences and workshops

The Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) is a forum for multidisciplinary interaction relating the geochemical environment to health. With national funding, SEGH identified collaborative opportunities through the MULTITUDE series of workshops (2007–2011). We reviewed the meetings by electronic questionnaire (39?% response). Smaller meetings saw most returning delegates, suggesting networking and personal interaction is a key positive feature of SEGH; 31?% of practitioners and 25?% of academics participated in more than one meeting. Collaboration between SEGH participants resulted in joint funding (13 academics, 4 practitioners, 1 other) and joint papers (19, 5, 3). Evidence of behavioural change was seen in comments in five themes regarding the impacts of the conferences: support for current direction; impact on education practice (academics); new approaches; networking; multidisciplinary work. Multidisciplinary meetings and resulting networking were seen as having real value by many respondents, who encouraged further active pursuit of these activities. SEGH is eager to continue these activities which transform research, education and practice, resulting in a better understanding of the structure and processes comprising the broad geochemical environment on health. Comments showed the value and strength of small, well-organised conferences, bringing together a mixed group of disciplines, both research and applied, in a relaxed atmosphere. The absence of serious negative critique along with clear, positive comments suggests that there is a substantial level of support for, and even pleasure in, SEGH multidisciplinary conferences and workshops over the past years. It is encouraging that annual European conferences are viewed as such a positive achievement.     

Retardation of organo-bromides in a fractured chalk aquitard

This study investigates the mechanisms controlling the distribution of 3-bromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propanol (TBNPA) and 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propan-1,3-diol (DBNPG) in a fractured chalk aquitard. An extensive monitoring program showed a systematic decrease in the TBNPA/DBNPG ratio with distance from the contamination source. Sorption of TBNPA on the white and/or gray chalks comprising the aquitard is approximately one order of magnitude greater than that of DBNPG. This results in more efficient removal of TBNPA from the fracture into the porous matrix and thus decreases the TBNPA/DBNPG ratio in the fracture water. Mathematical modeling of solute transport in the fracture domain illustrates the probable importance of sorption in controlling the spatial variation in TBNPA and DBNPG ratio.     

International trends in education and training in occupational hygiene

In many countries occupational hygiene has become an indispensable discipline in managing long-term risks to the health of workers. The international collaboration on education and training started with a workshop in Luxembourg in 1986 (sponsored by the EC and WHO). This meeting provided useful groundwork in defining the scope and function of training and education in occupational hygiene. Subsequent meetings in Geneva in 1989 and 1991 progressed many of the matters raised at the Luxembourg meeting. There is a fair agreement on the educational prerequisites for the professional occupational hygienist. Academic qualifications are regarded as essential since problem-solving, in contrast to rule-following, is best trained at academic level. For this reason a mandatory research project should be included in the curriculum. The general outline of an educational programme includes basic knowledge of physics, mathematics and chemistry, basic knowledge of supportive disciplines such as toxicology, epidemiology and biostatistics, risk analysis and engineering principles, and core and specialized topics in occupational hygiene such as measurement strategies, design techniques, health risk evaluation, principles of control inclusive ventilation, management and laws and legal requirements. Discussions pertains to the preferable educational routes, on the balance between methodology and professional practice, and the focus on prevention and engineering rather than exposure assessment. Currently, the International Occupational Hygiene Association has launched a programme for interchangeability and harmonization of the different certification schemes for professional occupational hygienists. International cooperation among educational resource centres should be strongly encouraged by exchange of students and faculty, as well as educational materials and information.     

Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCDD/Fs and PCBs) in food from farms close to foot and mouth disease animal pyres

To control the outbreak of foot and mouth disease, which occurred in the UK in early 2001, a large number of farm animals were slaughtered. Where it was not possible to render or landfill the carcasses, they were destroyed by burning on open pyres, with wood, coal and other materials. Uncontrolled combustion such as this is known to produce small quantities of dioxins and an investigation was made into whether, as a result of the burning, there was an elevation in the concentrations of these compounds in food produced in the areas close to the pyres. With few exceptions, concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were within the expected ranges as predicted by reference data. No accumulation over time was evident from a repeat milk sampling exercise. Where elevated concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were found in chickens and eggs, they were in samples not destined for the food chain. Elevated levels in some samples of milk from Dumfries and Galloway were not found in earlier or later samples and may have been found as a result of a temporary feeding regime. Elevated concentrations in lamb from Carmarthenshire were from very young animals which would not have entered the food chain. There was no evidence of any significant increase in dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs as a result of the FMD pyres.     

Self-organization theories and environmental management: The case of South Moresby,Canada

This article presents a new approach to the analysis and management of large-scale societal problems with complex ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The approach is based on the theory of self-organizing systems—complex, open, far-from-equilibrium systems with nonlinear dynamics. A brief overview and comparison of different self-organization theories (synergetics, self-organization theory, hypercycles, and autopoiesis) is presented in order to isolate the key characteristics of such systems.The approach is used to develop an analysis of the landuse controversy in the South Moresby area of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Critical variables are identified for each subsystem and classified by spatial and temporal scale, and discussed in terms of information content and internal/external origin. Eradication of sea otters, introduction of black-tailed deer, impacts of large-scale clearcut logging, sustainability of the coastal forest industry, and changing relations between native peoples and governments are discussed in detail to illustrate the system dynamics of the South Moresby sociobiophysical system. Finally, implications of the self-organizing sociobiophysical system view for regional analysis and management are identified.     

Reproductive isolation among morphotypes of the Atlantic seastar species<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Zoroaster fulgens</Emphasis> (Asteroidea: Echinodermata)

Zoroaster fulgens is a slope-dwelling seastar species that is distributed throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Studies into the population structure and systematics of marine animals have increasingly found that species with a reported cosmopolitan distribution are, in fact, collections of closely related cryptic or sibling species. In the Porcupine Seabight, three morphotypes of Z. fulgens can be found that have a distribution that is stratified by depth. This study investigates the genetic divergence between these morphotypes using sections of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) and 16S regions of the mitochondrial genome. Bathymetrically separated morphotypes of Z. fulgens are reproductively isolated over distances of approximately 1 km while gene flow occurs among morphotypes, along isobaths, over distances of approximately 900 km. Reproductive isolation on the continental slope may have occurred as a result of selection exerted by gradients of depth-correlated physical factors, such as pressure and temperature. However, allopatric speciation with subsequent range expansion may also explain the observed patterns of genetic divergence. Further investigation of radiation within this group may provide important information on the evolution of slope species. Taxonomic revision of the genus is required.Communicated by J.P. Thorpe, Port Erin     

Risk of predation and the feeding behavior of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Summary During their first 1–2 years of life, juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are stream-dwelling, and feed upon drifting invertebrates. They move upstream from a holding position to intercept individual prey items; the distance moved (attack distance) is an increasing, but decelerating, function of prey size. Since the fish are presumably more visible to predators during such feeding excursions, prey size and risk are associated variables.The effect on attack distance of the presentation of a model predator (a photograph of a rainbow trout) was examined in the laboratory. Attack distances are shortened following presentation of a predator; this is particularly true when the prey are large (Fig. 1). The extent of the reduction of attack distance is directly related to predator presentation frequency, although there appears to be a minimum level to which it will decline (Fig. 2). Hungry fish and fish in the presence of a competitor (simulated by a mirror) are less responsive to the predator, suggesting a trade-off of energetic requirements and risk (Fig. 3 and Table 3). The effect of predation risk should be to reduce the relative proportion of large prey in a juvenile coho's diet, and its net rate of energy intake.