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651.
United States environmental regulations, intended to protect human health, generally fail to address major sources of pollutants that endanger human health. These sources are surprisingly close to us and within our control, such as consumer products and building materials that we use within our homes, workplaces, schools, and other indoor environments. Even though these indoor sources account for nearly 90% of our pollutant exposure, they are virtually unregulated by existing laws. Even pollutant levels found in typical homes, if found outdoors, would often violate federal environmental standards. This article examines the importance of human exposure as a way to understand and reduce effects of pollutants on human health. Results from exposure studies challenge traditional thinking about pollutant hazards, and reveal deficiencies in our patchwork of laws. And results from epidemiological studies, showing increases in exposure-related diseases, underscore the need for new protections. Because we cannot rely solely on regulations to protect us, and because health effects from exposures can develop insidiously, greater efforts are needed to reduce and prevent significant exposures before they occur. Recommendations include the development and use of safer alternatives to common products, public education on ways to reduce exposure, systematic monitoring of human exposure to pollutants, and a precautionary approach in decision-making. 相似文献
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Michael Greenberg K. Tyler Miller Karen Lowrie Mary Anne Carletta Joanna Burger 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2003,14(1):69-83
This article presents a database developed to determine the potential reuse of contaminated sites for primarily ecologically and culturally based activities. The database consists of 172 quantitative and qualitative measures of on‐site land suitability, ecological, cultural, and recreational value, and off‐site suitability, economic, and demographic information. Using sites owned by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as a case study, the article evaluates the quality of available data and suggests ways of using it for planning ecologically sensitive remediation activities and future land use. This type of database can be developed and used by anyone who needs to select, review, or evaluate site remediation and future land use options. Also discussed are the challenges associated with compiling and using data that has been generated by many sources over several years. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Howard I. Browman Jeannette Yen David M. Fields Jean-François St-Pierre Anne Berit Skiftesvik 《Marine Biology》2011,158(12):2653-2660
Paraeuchaeta norvegica (8.5 mm total length) and yolk-sac stage Atlantic cod larvae (4 mm total length) (Gadus morhua) larvae were observed in aquaria (3 l of water) using silhouette video photography. This allowed direct observations (and
quantitative measurement) of predator–prey interactions between these two species in 3-dimensions. Tail beats, used by cod
larvae to propel themselves through the viscous fluid environment, also generate signals detectable by mechanoreceptive copepod
predators. When the prey is close enough for detection and successful capture (approximately half a body-length), the copepod
launches an extremely rapid high Reynolds number attack, grabbing the larva around its midsection. While capture itself takes
place in milliseconds, minutes are required to subdue and completely ingest a cod larva. The behavioural observations are
used to estimate the hydrodynamic signal strength of the cod larva’s tail beats and the copepod’s perceptive field for larval
fish prey. Cod larvae are more sensitive to fluid velocity than P. norvegica and also appear capable of distinguishing between the signal generated by a swimming and an attacking copepod. However, the
copepod can lunge at much faster velocities than a yolk-sac cod larva can escape, leading to the larva’s capture. These observations
can serve as input to the predator–prey component of ecosystem models intended to assess the impact of P. norvegica on cod larvae. 相似文献
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Francesca Romana Grati Denise Molina Gomes Jose Carlos Pinto B. Ferreira Celine Dupont Viola Alesi Laetitia Gouas Nina Horelli-Kuitunen Kwong Wai Choy Sandra García-Herrero Alberto Gonzalez de la Vega Krzysztof Piotrowski Rita Genesio Gloria Queipo Barbara Malvestiti Bérénice Hervé Brigitte Benzacken Antonio Novelli Philippe Vago Kirsi Piippo Tak Yeung Leung Federico Maggi Thibault Quibel Anne Claude Tabet Giuseppe Simoni François Vialard 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(8):801-809
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