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251.
252.
Anthony S. Pait S. Ian Hartwell Andrew L. Mason Robert A. Warner Christopher F. G. Jeffrey Anne M. Hoffman Dennis A. Apeti Simon J. Pittman 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(8):4793-4806
The St. Thomas East End Reserves or STEER is located on the southeastern end of the island of St. Thomas, USVI. The STEER contains extensive mangroves and seagrass beds, along with coral reefs, lagoons, and cays. Within the watershed, however, are a large active landfill, numerous marinas, resorts, various commercial activities, an EPA Superfund Site, and residential areas, all of which have the potential to contribute pollutants to the STEER. As part of a project to develop an integrated assessment for the STEER, 185 chemical contaminants were analyzed in sediments from 24 sites. Higher levels of chemical contaminants were found in Mangrove Lagoon and Benner Bay in the western portion of the study area. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), zinc, copper, lead, and mercury were above a NOAA Effects Range-Low (ERL) sediment quality guideline at one or more sites, indicating impacts may be present in more sensitive species or life stages. Copper at one site in Benner Bay was above a NOAA Effects Range-Median (ERM) guideline indicating effects on benthic organisms were likely. The antifoulant boat hull ingredient tributyltin (TBT) was found at the third highest concentration in the history of NOAA’s National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program, which monitors the nation’s coastal and estuarine waters for chemical contaminants and bioeffects. The results from this project will provide resource managers with key information needed to make effective decisions affecting coral reef ecosystem health and gauge the efficacy of restoration activities. 相似文献
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254.
Ruby J. Sheffer Philip W. Hedrick W. L. Minckley & Anthony L. Velasco 《Conservation biology》1997,11(1):162-171
The Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis o. occidentalis) is a small, live-bearing, endangered fish extant in a maximum of nine locales in four separate watersheds in the United States. To determine if these populations differed in their fitness, we obtained samples from the four watersheds and examined them for four fitness correlates: survival, growth rate, fecundity, and bilateral asymmetry. Earlier research found that one population, Sharp Spring, had higher allozyme heterozygosity than the other three and had higher survival, growth rate, and fecundity and lower bilateral asymmetry than a sample from one of the other populations with no polymorphic allozyme loci, Monkey Spring. We also verified that Sharp Spring fish were polymorphic for the same allozyme loci whereas the Monkey Spring population was not. We did not, however, find positive associations of allozyme heterozygosity with the four fitness correlates for the four samples. Because the earlier study had much lower survival, it is likely that the differences resulted from differential response of the two populations to a stressful laboratory environment. Whether this unknown stress occurs in natural environments or its effect is predictive of other stresses remains unresolved. As a result, we concur with suggestions in the draft recovery plan that topminnows from nearby sources be used for reintroductions and that the Sharp Spring stock not be used outside the upper Santa Cruz River drainage. 相似文献
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256.
Dagmar?Schr?terEmail author Colin?Polsky Anthony?G.?Patt 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(4):573-595
In the recent years, global environmental change research has seen increased attention to the concept of vulnerability. There
have been a growing number of vulnerability assessments, but relatively little discussion on appropriate and common methods.
Here we propose a method to guide vulnerability assessments of coupled human–environment systems toward a common objective:
informing the decision-making of specific stakeholders about options for adapting to the effects of global change. We suggest
five criteria vulnerability assessments must at least possess to achieve this objective. They should have a knowledge base
from various disciplines and stakeholder participation, be place based, consider multiple interacting stresses, examine differential
adaptive capacity, and be prospective as well as historical. On the basis of these criteria, we present a general methodological
guideline of eight steps. To examine whether these eight steps, if attentively coordinated, do in fact achieve the criteria,
and in turn satisfy the objective of the assessment, we discuss two case studies. We expect most readers to identify some
of the steps as part of their well-established disciplinary practices. However, they should also identify one or more steps
as uncommon to their research traditions. Thus taken together the eight steps constitute a novel methodological framework.
We hypothesize that if researchers employ this framework, then the products of the research will (1) achieve the objective
of preparing stakeholders for the effects of global change on a site-specific basis, and (2) further the “public good” of
additional insights through cross-study comparisons of research projects designed according to common principles. 相似文献
257.
Successes and failures in post-disaster resettlement 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Oliver-Smith A 《Disasters》1991,15(1):12-23
In this article I examine the problem of the resettlement of populations after disaster. After considering the complexity of the resettlement process in general and the reasons resettlement is often chosen by authorities following disaster, I discuss a theoretical perspective from development project resettlement which may have relevance for disaster research. This is followed by an examination of those factors in post-disaster resettlement projects which have proved important in affecting successful or unsuccessful outcomes. Site, layout, housing and popular input are presented as crucial issues in the determination of success or failure in post-disaster resettlement. Case material from Turkey, Iran and Peru is presented to illustrate how failure to attend to these issues produces unsuccessful resettlement villages. Case material from Turkey is used to illustrate how attention to these factors improves chances of success in resettlement. Material from cases of voluntary, spontaneous post-disaster resettlement in Guatemala is also presented to underscore the importance of popular participation for successful resettlement despite insufficiencies in design and material inputs. The article ends with a brief consideration of resistance to resettlement and alternative policies. 相似文献
258.
We used population models to explore the effects of the organochlorine contaminant p,p'-DDE and fluctuations in vole availability on the population dynamics of Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia). Previous work indicated an interaction between low biomass of voles in the diet and moderate levels of p,p'-DDE in Burrowing Owl eggs that led to reproductive impairment. We constructed periodic and stochastic matrix models that incorporated three vole population states observed in the field: average, peak, and crash years. We modeled varying frequencies of vole crash years and a range of impairment of owl demographic rates in vole crash years. Vole availability had a greater impact on owl population growth rate than did reproductive impairment if vole populations peaked and crashed frequently. However, this difference disappeared as the frequency of vole crash years declined to once per decade. Fecundity, the demographic rate most affected by p,p'-DDE, had less impact on population growth rate than adult or juvenile survival. A life table response experiment of time-invariant matrices for average, peak, and crash vole conditions showed that low population growth under vole crash conditions was due to low adult and juvenile survival rates, whereas the extremely high population growth under vole peak conditions was due to increased fecundity. Our results suggest that even simple models can provide useful insights into complex ecological interactions. This is particularly valuable when temporal or spatial scales preclude manipulative experimental work in the field or laboratory. 相似文献
259.
Habitat Loss and Extinction in the Hotspots of Biodiversity 总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34
260.
The Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (AERE)is pleased to launch the Review of Environmental Economics andPolicy with this inaugural issue. The need for a new journal aimed toward a broad audience haslong been recognized by AERE members and has been actively discussedfor several years by the AERE Board. The time was finally judgedright to initiate a careful review of the need and prospectsfor such a journal, 相似文献