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331.
Wm. E. Wilson Jr Arthur Levy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):385-390
There is an appreciable chemical interaction between SO2 and photochemical smog which depends on the concentration of SO2 and water vapor. The rate of decay of SO2 concentration is greatly increased in the presence of photochemical smog. With 0.75 ppm SO2, a light-scattering aerosol is produced in dry systems and systems at 22 and 55% relative humidity (RH). Aerosol is not observed until after the NO2 peak has been reached and the NO concentration has fallen to a very low value. The formation of aerosol corresponds in time to the region of most rapid decrease in the SO2 profile. In systems at 65% RH or with smaller amounts of SO2, no light scattering is observed, but the percentage of SO2 disappearing is greater. In relatively dry systems the presence of SO2 results in a general slowing down of the photochemical smog reactions. In systems containing water vapor concentrations comparable to those found in the atmosphere, the inhibiting influence of SO2 on the smog reaction is less pronounced. However, the maximum concentration of oxidant produced by the photochemical smog reactions is significantly lower when SO2 is present. 相似文献
332.
Wilbert L. Lee Arthur C. Stern 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):505-513
The promulgation of Federal standards of performance for certain classes of new stationary sources requires that such sources have minimum stack heights to meet also the requirements of national air quality standards. The determination of minimum stack height is complicated by the fact that the performance and air quality standards are stated on different averaging time bases; that the extent of preemption of the assimilative capacity of the air by any individual source will vary among jurisdictions and, in some cases, among different geographic areas of a single jurisdiction; and that some new sources will be designed to emit appreciably less than the performance standard requirement. However, these complications can be resolved and equations and charts prepared from which minimum stack height can be selected. 相似文献
333.
Arthur L. Benson Philip L. Levins Arthur A. Massucco Donald B. Sparrow James R. Valentine 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):274-277
This paper is directed to those interested in measuring trace metals in high-temperature particulate emissions. Particulate handsheet filters with satisfactory purity, efficiency, thermal stability, cost, strength (about 1 lb/in.), and flexibility for analysis of particulates in gases up to 800°C have been made with 99.2% Si02 Microquartzfibers. Almost all purity requirements for optimum atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometric analysis for trace metals have been achieved. The filters appear highly promising for X-ray fluorescence analysis but should be further evaluated. Suitability of the filters for neutron activation analysis is uncertain and should also be further evaluated. Dioctyl phthal-ate (DOP) aerosol efficiencies of 99 to 99.99% have been achieved by using fibers of various diameters. The filters are insensitive to humidity, insoluble In most acids and organic solvents. The handsheet filters have a slightly alkaline pH, but similar filters have been made on a papermaking machine with a pH of 6.4. Cost is estimated to be about $2.00/ft2. 相似文献
334.
335.
Haluk Ozkaynak Arthur D. Schatz George D. Thurston Ronald G. Isaacs Rudolf B. Husar 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1176-1185
Epidemiological assessments of population exposures to airborne particles are often hampered by the scarcity of available fine particle mass measurements. In an attempt to overcome this serious problem, we analyze In this paper methods for predicting fine particle (M 1) and Inhalable particle (IP) mass concentrations using relative humidity corrected light extinction coefficient (b ext) estimated from airport visual range (V r) observations. The analyses presented are based on theoretical determinations as well as statistical investigations utilizing EPA's NASN and Inhalable Particle Monitoring Network (IPMN) data bases and routine airport visual range observations In twelve large U.S. cities. Our results Indicate that, after controlling for certain limitations of airport visual range data, most of the regression models developed in this paper can be applied satisfactorily to predict M t and IP. Furthermore, our findings Indicate that a more representative formula than the commonly used meteorological range formula to predict atmospheric b ext values in urban areas may be b ext = (1.8 ± 0.04)/V r. Because of known local or regional influences, however, we do suggest calibration of any predictive model which utilizes airport visibility data against site-specific aerometric data on particle mass concentrations or scattering coefficient measurements. 相似文献
336.
David T. Alien Terry Foecke Howard Klee Jr. W. B. Beck Lawrence L. Ross Arthur H. Purcell 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1159-1167
The 1992 A&WMA Critical Review was authored by Harry Freeman and members of his staff at the Pollution Prevention Research Branch, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Freeman presented the paper "Industrial Pollution Prevention," at the Critical Review session held during the 85th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting in Kansas City, Missouri. Prepared discussions and invited comments presented during the session are published here, as well as closing remarks by Mr. Freeman. 相似文献
337.
Jerry Ho Arthur M. Winer 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):592-603
ABSTRACT The introduction of reformulated gasolines significantly reduced exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) mass emissions, but few data are available concerning how these new fuels affect exhaust reactivity. Similarly, while it is well established that high-emitting vehicles contribute a significant portion of total mobile source HC mass emissions, it is also important to evaluate the exhaust reactivity from these vehicles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative influence on in-use vehicle exhaust reactivity of three critical factors: fuel, driving cycle, and vehicle emission status. Nineteen in-use vehicles were tested with seven randomly assigned fuel types and two driving cycles: the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and the Unified Cycle (UC). Total exhaust reactivity was not statistically different between the FTP and UC cycles but was significantly affected by fuel type. On average, the exhaust reactivity for California Phase 2 fuel was the lowest (16 % below the highest fuel type) among the seven fuels tested for cold start emissions. The average exhaust reactivity for high-emitting vehicles was significantly higher for hot stabilized (11%) and hot start (15%) emissions than for low-emitting vehicles. The exhaust reactivities for the FTP and UC cycles for light-end HCs and carbonyls were significantly different for the hot stabilized mode. There was a significant fuel effect on the mean specific reactivity (SR) for the mid-range HCs, but not for light-end HCs or carbonyls, while vehicle emission status affected the mean SR for all three HC compound classes. 相似文献
338.
Francirose Shigaki Peter J. A. Kleinman John P. Schmidt Andrew N. Sharpley Arthur L. Allen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(6):1500-1511
Abstract: Drainage ditches can be a key conduit of phosphorus (P) between agricultural soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and local surface waters, including the Chesapeake Bay. This study sought to quantify the effect of a common ditch management practice, sediment dredging, on fate of P in drainage ditches. Sediments from two drainage ditches that had been monitored for seven years and had similar characteristics (flow, P loadings, sediment properties) were sampled (0‐5 cm) after one of the ditches had been dredged, which removed fine textured sediments (clay = 41%) with high organic matter content (85 g/kg) and exposed coarse textured sediments (clay = 15%) with low organic matter content (2.2 g/kg). Sediments were subjected to a three‐phase experiment (equilibrium, uptake, and release) in recirculating 10‐m‐long, 0.2‐m‐wide, and 5‐cm‐deep flumes to evaluate their role as sources and sinks of P. Under conditions of low initial P concentrations in flume water, sediments from the dredged ditch released 13 times less P to the water than did sediments from the ditch that had not been dredged, equivalent to 24 mg dissolved P. However, the sediments from the dredged ditch removed 19% less P (76 mg) from the flume water when it was spiked with dissolved P to approximate long‐term runoff concentrations. Irradiation of sediments to destroy microorganisms revealed that biological processes accounted for up to 30% of P uptake in the coarse textured sediments of the dredged ditch and 18% in the fine textured sediments of the undredged ditch. Results indicate that dredging of coastal plain drainage ditches can potentially impact the P buffering capacity of ditches draining agricultural soils with a high potential for P runoff. 相似文献
339.
Arthur Hoole 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1995,38(4):505-518
For the past two decades, planners and researchers have struggled to define concepts of sustainable development, but most definitions are too general. Goals need to be more specific and will vary to reflect the different conditions and national development policies across countries. A national Delphi survey, using two sequential questionnaires, was conducted in Zimbabwe during late 1992 with a broad cross-section of stakeholders. The survey identified, clarified and ranked 34 national objectives for environmentally sustainable development in Zimbabwe. Survey respondents weighted environmental objectives in development planning higher than both economic and social objectives. The ranked objectives will help guide the country's efforts to implement environmentally sustainable development and associated policy measures. 相似文献
340.
Reza M. Khanbilvardi Andrew S. Rogowski Arthur C. Miller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(1):29-35
ABSTRACT: We have developed a computer model of soil loss on an upland watershed from the continuity considerations for sediment transport and from equations describing rill and interrill erosion. The model is based on dividing the upland area into a grid containing rill and interill zones, on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), and on equations describing detachment and transport capacity of rill flow. The USLE estimates the sediment load from the contributing areas. The location and amount of total erosion and deposition are determined by comparing the transport and detachment capacity of rill flow for specific storms. The model considers the mechanics of erosion process and can serve as basis for reservoir and channel design and land use planning. 相似文献