审时度势创新发展全方位推进环境监测现代化建设

回顾了环境监测的发展历程,指出环境监测还面临着定位不明、服务单一、投入不足、监测能力建设滞后的问题。阐述了环境监测现代化建设的总体目标和要求,提出面向“十一五”,围绕建设环境友好型社会、构建和谐社会的时代要求,环境监测必须抓住战略发展机遇,努力开拓创新,健全法制,理顺体制,多元投入。激活机制。强化科研。拓展领域,增强能力。发展事业。全方位推进现代化建设。     

爆炸物冲击波的人体防护研究

针对爆炸物爆炸冲击波、破片或子弹冲击、高温高压气体热辐射等复杂环境下的人体伤害威胁,本文从人员损伤研究和防护材料研究两方面综述了国内外研究进展,最后为开展人体有效防护研究工作提出了几点建议.     

激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力测试

因气体爆炸导致沉积粉尘的二次爆炸的威力远大于单纯的气体或者粉尘爆炸产生的威力,利用自制的装置,诱导煤粉爆炸的激波由甲烷气体爆炸产生,对激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力Pmax、爆炸压力上升速率(dp/dt)max进行了实验研究。该实验分别研究煤粉浓度及煤粉粒度对爆炸指数的影响,其结果表明:对于不同的煤粉浓度,存在一个理想煤粉浓度值,在这个浓度下的煤粉爆炸压力值最大;随着煤粉粒度的减小,其爆炸压力不断升高。     

石化企业事故应急预案中的安全防护距离探讨

对石化企业在事故应急预案中安全防护距离的确定给出了各种可以参考的计算方法及参考数据,为企业在事故应急中合理确定安全防护距离提供了决策参考。     

废塑料处理技术进展与展望

文章介绍了解决废塑料污染的几种方法,分析了目前我国废塑料回收利用技术的现状,并介绍作者在这方面进行的一些新的研究工作：（1）使用自制的催化剂完成了聚烯烃类塑料催化热解回收燃料油的小试,获得了较好的效果;（2）通过实验对发泡聚苯乙烯热解回收苯乙烯单体的工艺流程提出了优化操作条件。根据国内外实际,文章最后对废塑料回收利用提出了几点建议。     

Mechanism of the intermittent motion of two-phase debris flows

A typical two-phase debris flow exhibits a high and steep flow head consisting of rolling boulders and cobbles with intermittent or fluctuating velocity. The relative motion between the solid phase and the liquid phase is obvious. The motion of a two-phase debris flow depends not only on the rheological properties of the flow, but also on the energy transmission between the solid and liquid phases. Several models have been developed to study two-phase debris flows. An essential shortcoming of most of these models is the omission of the interaction between the two phases and identification of the different roles of the different materials in two-phase debris flows. The tracer particles were used for the velocity of solid phase and the velocity of liquid phase was calculated by the water velocity on the surface of the debris flow in the experiments. This paper analyzed the intermittent feature of two-phase debris flows based on videos of debris flows in the field and flume experiments. The experiments showed that the height of the head of the two-phase debris flow increased gradually in the initiation stage and reached equilibrium at a certain distance from the start of the debris flow. The height growth and the velocity of the flow head showed fluctuating characteristics. Model equations were established and the analyses proved that the average velocity of the two-phase debris flow head was proportional to the flood discharge and inversely proportional to the volume of the debris flow head.     

北京废旧资源回收利用产业发展实践研究

废旧资源回收利用具有显著的资源节约和环境友好特性,发展废旧资源回收利用产业已成为实践循环经济,促进节能减排的重要举措.通过多种途径调研了北京市废旧资源回收利用产业若干重点企业,凝练了近年来北京市废旧资源回收利用产业在产业发展规模、科技支撑水平、政府支持强度以及节能减排效益等多方面取得的发展成效,结合首都北京自身特点和发展要求,分析了发展中存在的若干不足,提出需要在提高产业集聚、完善回收体系以及加强系统激励等方面有针对性地采取相应对策,以促进其可持续发展.     

A comparison of statistical methods for deriving freshwater quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms

Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are increasingly used in both ecological risk assessment and derivation of water quality criteria. However, there has been debate about the choice of an appropriate approach for derivation of water quality criteria based on SSDs because the various methods can generate different values. The objective of this study was to compare the differences among various methods. Data sets of acute toxicities of 12 substances to aquatic organisms, representing a range of classes with different modes of action, were studied. Nine typical statistical approaches, including parametric and nonparametric methods, were used to construct SSDs for 12 chemicals. Water quality criteria, expressed as hazardous concentration for 5 % of species (HC₅), were derived by use of several approaches. All approaches produced comparable results, and the data generated by the different approaches were significantly correlated. Variability among estimates of HC₅ of all inclusive species decreased with increasing sample size, and variability was similar among the statistical methods applied. Of the statistical methods selected, the bootstrap method represented the best-fitting model for all chemicals, while log-triangle and Weibull were the best models among the parametric methods evaluated. The bootstrap method was the primary choice to derive water quality criteria when data points are sufficient (more than 20). If the available data are few, all other methods should be constructed, and that which best describes the distribution of the data was selected.     

基于AERMOD模式的固定源对不同楼层大气污染预测研究

环境影响评价中,大气污染预测通常考虑地面的浓度影响,对高层住宅楼不同楼层影响的考虑较少.通过案例设计,模拟4种不同的污染排放情景,采用预测推荐模式AERMOD分别计算各情景下5个代表高度共20种组合情况的预测受体结果,并基于三维可视仪软件VOXLER直观显示各情景污染物浓度的空间连续分布情况,对小时最大浓度的分布规律利用分析工具CANOCO进行了分析.结果表明:(1)污染源高为15～80 m时,不同楼层间小时浓度分布差异性较大;污染源高为120～240 m时,楼层间差异性较小.(2)污染源高为15m时,小时最大浓度以50 m为分界线随楼层高度的增加先增后降;污染源高为80～240 m时,小时最大浓度随楼层高度的增加而增加.     

骨炭对水中不同形态Sb吸附和解吸的影响

采用骨炭作为吸附剂,研究其在不同骨炭用量、pH值和温度条件下对水中Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（Ⅴ）吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,骨炭对Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附效果远好于Sb（Ⅴ）,在0.2~8.0 mmol/L的Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（Ⅴ）浓度下,骨炭对这2种形态Sb的去除率分别为46.1%~78.6%和9.6%~31.7%。采用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程均可以很好地拟合骨炭对Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（Ⅴ）的吸附,Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（Ⅴ）的最大吸附容量分别为110.1034 mg/g和17.4167 mg/g。骨炭对Sb（Ⅲ）的解吸也大于对Sb（Ⅴ）的解吸。骨炭对Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（Ⅴ）的吸附受不同骨炭用量、pH值和温度影响。