许昌市发制品行业的清洁生产调查

发制品行业是以人发、人造纤维等为原材料进行假发加工的行业。许昌市发制品的生产过程大致可分为两个阶段:漂染和前后处理。漂染过程用水量大,产生的废水难以处理。其中过酸、氧化、染色配置的溶液使用一次后直接排放,不符合清洁生产要求,且所排放的溶液可考虑中和多次利用。漂染过程水资源消耗量大,废水产生量大,没有考虑废水综合利用。按清洁生产的要求在以上环节可通过技术革新和设备改造得以改进。     

水环境中有机污染物对藻类毒理性的探讨

近年来,环境中的有机污染物对生态环境的破坏日益加剧,并严重威胁到了人类的生存和发展。藻类作为初级生产者,是整个生态系统物质循环和能量流动的基础,因此研究水环境中有机污染物对藻类的毒理性,对于环境污染的监测具有深远的意义。就有机污染物对藻类的毒性机理、藻类对有机污染物的敏感度等问题的研究现状进行综述,并对藻类在环境监测方面的应用前景进行展望。     

Agricultural ammonia emissions inventory and spatial distribution in the North China Plain

An agricultural ammonia (NH₃) emission inventory in the North China Plain (NCP) on a prefecture level for the year 2004, and a 5 × 5 km² resolution spatial distribution map, has been calculated for the first time. The census database from China's statistics datasets, and emission factors re-calculated by the RAINS model supported total emissions of 3071 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹ for the NCP, accounting for 27% of the total emissions in China. NH₃ emission from mineral fertilizer application contributed 1620 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹, 54% of the total emission, while livestock emissions accounted for the remaining 46% of the total emissions, including 7%, 27%, 7% and 5% from cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, and poultry, respectively. A high-resolution spatial NH₃ emissions map was developed based on 1 × 1 km land use database and aggregated to a 5 × 5 km grid resolution. The highest emission density value was 198 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere: Synthesis through meta-analysis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent organic pollutants with high carcinogenic effect and toxicity; their behavior and fate in the soil-plant system have been widely investigated. In the present paper, meta-analysis was used to explore the interaction between plant growth and dissipation of PAHs in soil based on the large body of published literature. Plants have a promoting effect on PAH dissipation in soils. There was no difference in PAH dissipation between soils contaminated with single and mixed PAHs. However, plants had a more obvious effect on PAH dissipation in freshly-spiked soils than in long-term field-polluted soils. Additionally, a positive effect of the number of microbial populations capable of degrading PAHs was observed in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Our meta-analysis established the importance of the rhizosphere effect on PAH dissipation in variety of the soil-plant systems.     

Assessment of metal contaminations leaching out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments

Background, aims, and scope  

Heavy metal contaminants in environment, especially in drinking water, are always of great concern due to their health impact. Due to the use of heavy metals as catalysts during plastic syntheses, particularly antimony, human exposure to metal release from plastic bottles has been a serious concern in recent years. The aim and scope of this study were to assess metal contaminations leaching out from a series of recycling plastic bottles upon treatments.     

微乳法制备Fe-TiO_2纳米晶复合体及光催化性能

采用微乳法制备铁掺杂TiO2纳米晶（Fe-TiO2）复合体,通过热重-差热（TG-DTA）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和紫外漫反射光谱（DRS）等对其结构和形态进行表征;以亚甲基蓝溶液（MB）为标准模拟降解物,对Fe-TiO2,纯TiO2和P25光催化降解性能进行评价。结果表明,Fe-TiO2的光催化活性明显〉P25,原因是Fe掺杂不仅能抑制TiO2晶粒生长,提高TiO2的热稳定性和比表面积,而且能够拓展TiO2的吸收波长范围至可见光区,提高了Ti3＋离子浓度,降低了光生载流子的复合几率。     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu2＋的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2＋质量浓度等对Cu2＋吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法（FT-IR）分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2＋的活性中心。     

磁性载体固定化机油降解菌FZ5的研究

利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-磁性竹炭复合制备磁性悬浮小球,该小球的磁矫顽力为28.6 mT,具有较强的磁场,可用于磁场引导分离。利用磁性悬浮小球作为载体对机油降解菌FZ5进行固定化,研究了固定化时间、降解时间、固定化小球投加量、初始pH值和初始机油浓度对机油降油率的影响。结果表明,在固定化挂膜3 d,固定化小球投加量为8％,初始pH值为7,初始机油浓度为400 mg/L,降解培养3 d后对机油的降解率可达91.21％。     

水体中常见无机阴离子对TiO2薄膜光催化降解甲醛的影响

选择了5种水体中常见的阴离子（Cl^-,SO4^2-,HPO4^2-/HPO4^2-,HCO3^-/CO3^2-和NO3^-）,分别考查了其对TiO2薄膜光催化降解模拟甲醛废水的反应速率的影响;从上述离子的光吸收,对.OH的捕获及其生成的相应的无机自由基的氧化作用以及与甲醛的竞争吸附3个方面讨论了上述离子影响TiO2薄膜光催化降解模拟甲醛废水的反应速率的原因。结果表明,HCO3^-/CO3^2-对TiO2薄膜光催化降解甲醛具有抑制作用,Cl^-和SO4^2-的影响不大,H2PO4^-/HPO4^2-和NO3-具有促进作用。造成上述结果的主要原因是HCO3^-/CO2^3-具有很强的.OH捕获作用;Cl^-,SO4^2-对.OH捕获作用以及竞争吸附都较弱;H2PO4^-/HPO4^2-在TiO2表面具有较强的吸附能力,释放出的H＋起到了酸催化剂的作用;NO3^-在紫外光的照射下可以产生.OH,此外NO3^-作为电子受体而降低了TiO2表面光生电子和空穴的复合几率。     

长公路隧道交通安全研究

由于在长公路隧道中行驶时车道相对封闭、光线时强时弱、行车自由度偏小、空气不易流通等,在隧道内易发生交通事故,而且交通事故发生后易引起火灾,产生的浓烟较难疏散,事故后果及事故救援方法都与其他的交通事故不同。随着隧道交通事故数量不断增加,隧道已经成为交通事故的主要空间分布点和事故黑点。采用事故致因理论,详细分析了造成交通事故的各种原因,找出了引发事故的根源,然后提出了一系列隧道交通安全措施。最后构建了公路隧道交通事故应急系统,可最大程度减少交通事故损失。