近45a宁夏气温、降水及植被指数的变化分析

利用1961~2005年宁夏气温、降水资料,并结合1982~2003年植被指数(NDVI)数据,分析了宁夏气温、降水和NDVI的时空变化特征。结果表明:近45a来,宁夏气温明显升高,降水总体呈减少趋势;冬季和引黄灌区升温最明显,冬季降水增加,其它季节及各地区降水减少,其中秋季和宁夏南部山区减少最明显;秋冬季降水在1968年前后发生了突变,突变后,冬季降水增多,秋季降水减少;1985~1996年间发生了气温突变,突变后各季及各地区气温明显升高,冬春季和引黄灌区降水增多,其它季节和地区降水减少,极端气候事件较突变前发生更为频繁;近20a宁夏区域内NDVI值呈增加趋势,荒漠化面积整体得到控制。进一步分析表明,前一年气温偏高、夏季降水增加时,有利于当年NDVI值增加。     

High precision during food recruitment of experienced (reactivated) foragers in the stingless bee<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Scaptotrigona mexicana</Emphasis> (Apidae,Meliponini)

Several studies have examined the existence of recruitment communication mechanisms in stingless bees. However, the spatial accuracy of location-specific recruitment has not been examined. Moreover, the location-specific recruitment of reactivated foragers, i.e., foragers that have previously experienced the same food source at a different location and time, has not been explicitly examined. However, such foragers may also play a significant role in colony foraging, particularly in small colonies. Here we report that reactivated Scaptotrigona mexicana foragers can recruit with high precision to a specific food location. The recruitment precision of reactivated foragers was evaluated by placing control feeders to the left and the right of the training feeder (direction-precision tests) and between the nest and the training feeder and beyond it (distance-precision tests). Reactivated foragers arrived at the correct location with high precision: 98.44% arrived at the training feeder in the direction trials (five-feeder fan-shaped array, accuracy of at least ±6° of azimuth at 50 m from the nest), and 88.62% arrived at the training feeder in the distance trials (five-feeder linear array, accuracy of at least ±5 m or ±10% at 50 m from the nest). Thus, S. mexicana reactivated foragers can find the indicated food source at a specific distance and direction with high precision, higher than that shown by honeybees, Apis mellifera, which do not communicate food location at such close distances to the nest.     

市场、人口动态和沿海生态系统

我们的议题是从3个方面:生活、全球化和公共财产及其外在因素,通过关注环境资源和生态系统服务的价值,来讨论市场是如何影响沿海生态系统内人口和环境关系的.由于在考察市场是如何控制人口统计和环境结果时没有新的方法,所以我们建议通过综合观察沿岸和海洋的健康状态,并提出相应的见解,使问题的焦点集中在面临重大危机的沿岸生态系统上.     

First-trimester biochemical and molecular diagnoses using chorionic villi: High accuracy in the U.S. collaborative study

The accuracy of biochemical and molecular prenatal diagnoses using chorionic villi as the fetal source was assessed by seven centres participating in the NICHD collaborative study on the safety and accuracy of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis. Of 601 pregnancies studied, biochemical methods were used to determine the diagnosis in 283 fetuses at risk for 35 different metabolic disorders. Fifteen different lysosomal storage diseases accounted for 81 per cent of the biochemical prenatal diagnoses performed, with 57 per cent of these pregnancies at risk for Tay-Sachs disease. No errors were made in the biochemical diagnoses that predicted affected or unaffected fetuses. However, the diagnoses of certain disorders (e.g., mucopolysacchariodosis type IH, metachromatic leukodystrophy, and Krabbe disease) occasionally required confirmatory studies in cultured amniocytes because the enzyme results were inconclusive in direct and/or cultured villi or due to the presence of a pseudodeficiency allele. Of these, only the diagnosis of a fetus at risk for Krabbe disease remained inconclusive after special studies to discriminate between mutant and pseudodeficiency alleles. Recombinant DNA techniques were used to predict the diagnosis of 318 fetuses at risk for 16 different disorders in which the defective disease gene could be detected either directly or by linkage analysis to a nearby polymorphic marker. Of these, 32 per cent were for haemoglobinopathies, 25 per cent for cystic fibrosis, 24 per cent for Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy, and 7 per cent for haemophilias. Pregnancies at risk for known disorders with specific molecular lesions (e.g., sickle cell disease) were accurately diagnosed in direct and/or cultured villi. Diagnoses requiring analyses with closely linked polymorphic markers were occasionally uninformative or inconclusive. Maternal contamination was not reported in any biochemical or molecular-based diagnosis. These studies document the high accuracy and rapidity of both biochemical and mutation-specific prenatal diagnoses with direct and cultured chorionic villi.     

南极生态环境及管理现状研究

南极作为世界上最后一块“净土”,其丰富的自然资源和内在的科研、美学等价值受到了越来越多国家的关注。在全球变暖与人类活动（科学考察、商业捕捞、旅游等）因素的影响下,南极出现了海冰面积区域性增减,南极生物物种数量波动,环境污染加重等问题。而现有的以“南极条约体系”为基础的管理政策因理念抽象等问题尚不能完全规范人类活动,南极生态环境保护的形势日益严峻。国际社会应通过跨学科间的国际协作,加强科学研究与管理之间的联系,完善南极生态环境管理政策,最大限度减少人类对南极生态环境的破坏。     

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS法检测水体和沉积物中六种甾体雌激素

建立了三种天然雌激素和三种人工合成雌激素在水体和沉积物中的HPLC-MS/MS分析方法.该方法运用固相萃取技术进行富集及净化,有效降低了基质的干扰,六种雌激素在水体中的回收率为76.4%～110.3%,沉积物中的回收率为63.7%～88.5%,相对标准偏差在1.04%～9.23%间.质谱采用负离子扫描模式,定量的碎片离...     

Estimation of the critical effect level for pollution prevention based on oyster embryonic development toxicity test: the search for reliability

In spite of the consideration that toxicity testing is a reduced approach to measure the effects of pollutants on ecosystems, the early-life-stage (ELS) tests have evident ecological relevance because they reflect the possible reproductive impairment of the natural populations. The procedure and validation of Crassostrea rhizophorae embryonic development test have shown that it meets the same precision as other U.S. EPA tests, where EC(50) is generally used as a toxicological endpoint. However, the recognition that EC(50) is not the best endpoint to assess contaminant effects led U.S. EPA to recently suggest EC(25) as an alternative to estimate xenobiotic effects for pollution prevention. To provide reliability to the toxicological test results on C. rhizophorae embryos, the present work aimed to establish the critical effect level for this test organism, based on its reaction to reference toxicants, by using the statistical method proposed by Norberg-King (Inhibition Concentration, version 2.0). Oyster embryos were exposed to graded series of reference toxicants (ZnSO(4) x 7H(2)O; AgNO(3); KCl; CdCl(2)H(2)O; phenol, 4-chlorophenol and dodecyl sodium sulphate). Based on the obtained results, the critical value for C. rhizophorae embryonic development test was estimated as EC(15). The present research enhances the emerging consensus that ELS tests data would be adequate for estimating the chronic safe concentrations of pollutants in the receiving waters. Based on recommended criteria and on the results of the present research, zinc sulphate and 4-chlorophenol have been pointed out, among the inorganic and organic compounds tested, as the best reference toxicants for C. rhizophorae ELS-test.     

北极耐冷石油降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其碳源利用广谱性

从北极不同海底沉积物样品中富集、分离得到50株能以石油作为唯一碳源和能源的北极耐冷石油降解菌株,命名为BJ1、BJ2…BJ50,用红外分光光度法测定培养基中剩余油含量,选出降解率较高的菌株BJ1、BJ9和BJ19;通过形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,将BJ1、BJ9和BJ19鉴定为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas,P.);以常见石油产品和石油中典型直链烷烃和芳香烃为唯一碳源培养的结果表明,该三株菌能在低温下利用多种碳源。研究结果表明,BJ1、BJ9和BJ19均为海洋耐冷石油降解菌,且对碳源的利用具有广谱性。     

环渤海区域典型河流下游水体中抗生素赋存状况及风险评估

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析了环渤海区域典型河流下游水体中6类58种抗生素的赋存特征,采用生态风险模型和人类健康风险模型分别评估了抗生素对生态和人体的健康风险.结果显示:环渤海区域4大典型河流(小凌河、滦河、黄河和大辽河)下游水体中有6类50种抗生素被检出,青霉素G浓度水平最高,最高浓度为353.13ng/L.β-...