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991.
Summary Magpie (Pica pica) brood defense against a human at the nest was studied in a Mediterranean population with low renesting potential. Variations in two defense measures recorded during 106 trials at 41 different nests were positively correlated with brood age. Ineremental effects due to the number of successive visits to nests by us, brood size, and the time in the breeding season were not significant. Partial correlation analyses showed that visit rate was not an important determinant of nest defense, which thus favors an adaptive explanation of nest defense patterns. Two functional hypotheses to account for the increase in defense intensity with brood age were tested: whether (1) increased parental defense serves to compensate the higher predation risk of older nests or (2) increased parental defense reflects the increasing reproductive value of nestlings as they grow older. Daily mortality and incidende of predation (estimated from contribution of whole-brood losses to total mortality) was higher early in the nestling period, hence providing weak evidence for the assumption on which hypothesis (1) is based. The timing of parental defense intensity did not mirror variations in predation risk for the nest but variations in reproductive value of the brood, as can be estimated from daily mortality, thus supporting hypothesis (2). Magpie parents increased defense intensity in response to premature escaping by almost fully-developed nestlings. Since such a response lowers predation risk for the offspring and increases their probability of survival, this finding supports hypothesis (2), but runs contrary to hypothesis (1). Parents also increased defense in response to play-backs of alarm calls uttered by nestlings during escaping episodes. It is argued that parents should continuously monitor the degree of offspring development in order to assess their reproductive value and that, by alarm calling, chicks honestly make their parents aware of the gain in reproductive value that results from enhancement in locomotory abilities that occur at the end of the nestling period. 相似文献
992.
How Kentish plovers,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Charadrius alexandrinus</Emphasis>, cope with heat stress during incubation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Biparental incubation is frequent among shorebirds and is expected when the survival prospects of offspring increase relative to uniparental incubation. To understand why this occurs, it is important to identify the factors that constrain uniparental incubation. It is assumed that birds choose nesting sites that provide an appropriate microclimate for incubation. Many shorebirds nest in sites with no or little cover, where ambient temperatures at ground level might be >50°C during very hot days. Shorebirds nest in exposed sites because predation risk on incubating adults is higher in covered sites. In hot environments, incubating shorebirds might experience heat stress in exposed sites, and this may compromise nesting success if adults are unable to attend their nests continuously, limiting the possibilities of uniparental incubation and thus the expression of a sexual conflict over incubation. The operative temperatures of Kentish plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) were recorded in exposed and covered sites, and the thermal behaviour and incubating tactics of pair members were studied in a hot environment. During the hottest part of the day, there was a difference of 10–15°C in the operative temperatures of plovers between covered and exposed sites. Plovers in covered sites did not exhibit any thermoregulatory behaviour indicative of thermal stress, probably because the thermal range encountered by them in such places during most of the daytime was close to the thermo-neutral zone. The frequency with which plovers in exposed sites exhibited thermoregulatory behaviour was related to ambient temperature. Under very hot conditions, incubating birds were probably unable to maintain homeostasis for long periods and pair members resorted to shortening incubation bouts. Female Kentish plovers mainly incubate in the daytime and males during the night. However, the probability of diurnal incubation by males increased with ambient temperature in exposed nests, but not in covered ones. In fact, the frequency of participation in diurnal incubation by males was greater in exposed than in covered sites, suggesting that the participation of males in diurnal incubation may be related to the inability of females to stay at the nest during long periods when the ambient temperature is high. Even after resorting to shortened incubation bouts, the plovers may be unable to attend their nests continuously during heat waves, and the nests may be deserted. The propensity of plovers to desert their nests was affected by proximity to water, with nests located close to water being deserted less frequently. It seems likely that susceptibility to thermal stress changed in relation to proximity to water because in sites close to water it was possible to belly-soak, which would allow a more continuous nest attendance. Therefore, despite the adoption of behavioural solutions to face heavy heat loads, nesting success was vulnerable to these solutions because heat stress during extended periods may constrain parental nest attendance, and this may limit the opportunities for sexual conflicts over incubation.Communicated by J. Graves 相似文献
993.
电子受体及中间产物对厌氧氨氧化的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
研究了厌氧氨氧化混合培养物对不同基质(硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐)的转化特性,确定了氨和硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐转化比例(物质的量)分别为1.085、0.897.亚硝酸盐转化成硝酸盐的比率为14.97%.在培养液中加入厌氧氨氧化的中间产物羟胺可以加速反应的进行.图3表2参9 相似文献
994.
利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究了玻璃基生物水泥在生理模拟液中羟基磷灰石(HAP)晶相的形成和长大,应用溶解-析晶理论,阐述了玻璃粉末与调和液及表面活性剂反应,形成HAP的动力学观点,实验结果表明,玻璃基生物水泥在调和液作用下,会形成HAP晶相,在生理模拟液中,随着时间的延长,晶体逐渐长大,图3表1参5 相似文献
995.
以石家庄市显像管玻壳厂排放的铅尘为研究对象,通过在该玻壳厂周围土壤表层布点采样,较系统地研究了铅尘在大气中的迁移转化规律及其污染特性。研究结果表明,用高斯模式能成功地预测铅尘在大气中的迁移扩散规律。 相似文献
996.
TiO2多孔纳米微粒的制备及其物性表征 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
首次利用高分子悬浮聚合与溶胶-凝胶法相结合的技术,成功地制备了具有中空结构的TiO2多孔微粒,并用X-Ray,SEM,自动气体吸附仪等手段对其物理性质进行了系统表征,在最优pH条件下制备的TiO2微粒比表面可达67.5m^2/g,平均粒径为2μm,孔体积为0.1cm^3/g。与商品纳米TiO2相比,其微米尺寸使其具有易于分离和重复使用等优点,晶粒的结构特点决定了其具有高催化活性。 相似文献
997.
秸秆还田对土壤有机碳结构的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
秸秆还田既可以缓解土壤污染问题又可以增加土壤养分及改善土壤结构从而提高土壤质量。研究秸秆还田后土壤有机碳结构的变化对了解碳周转规律、促进农业管理和生产以及环境可持续发展具有重要意义。选取3种性质差异较大的土壤,分别为红壤、褐土及黑土。实验分为对照处理和添加质量分数为5%的水稻秸秆的秸秆处理。土壤在温室条件下培养24个月,每4个月取样一次,测定土壤中总有机碳含量及采用碳1s X射线吸收光谱测定土壤有机碳分子结构及各类型有机碳含量。实验结果显示,(1)黑土中总有机碳含量最高,达29.5-32.5 g·kg^-1,是红壤的4.7-6.4倍,褐土的3.9-4.9倍。加入秸秆后,红壤、褐土及黑土中有机碳含量较对照分别显著增加124%-196%、60%-110%和21%-28%。(2)3种土壤的对照中,有机碳主要以脂肪碳、羧基碳和烷氧碳存在。这3部分有机碳占总有机碳的百分比在红壤、褐土和黑土中分别为69.1%-86.6、79.6%-88.5%和87.3%-90.3%。加入秸秆后,3种土壤中有机碳类型依旧是上述3种有机碳占主导。(3)秸秆处理使红壤和黑土中有机碳疏水性增强,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,对改善土壤结构起促进作用。(4)秸秆加入后,红壤和褐土中发生正激发效应,这两种土壤中有机碳结构简单、稳定性减弱;黑土中发生负激发效应,其中有机碳结构趋于复杂,稳定性增强。 相似文献
998.
云南粳稻耐低磷特性的主基因加多基因遗传分析 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5
磷高效水稻培育是提高土壤潜在磷利用效率的一种途径,通过对云南粳稻耐低磷特性的主基因加多基因遗传分析,可以明确耐低磷特性主基因的存在、对数及遗传效应的大小,为磷高效育种提供理论依据。本试验通过云南主栽粳稻品种合系35(Oryza sativa)与耐低磷极强早旱谷(Oryza sativa)配制P1、P2、F1、F2或F3世代,在云南省农科院进行低磷胁迫试验,对耐低磷鉴定和主基因加多基因联合遗传分析,结果表明:早旱谷的分蘖和株穗产量基因受两对主效基因 多基因相互配合遗传控制的,两对主基因间存在上位性效应,两主基因间效应差异较大。分蘖力F2主基因遗传率为58.82%~72.13%,F3主基因遗传率为45.88%~57.96%;株穗产量F2主基因遗传率60.94%~83.08%,F3主基因遗传率为62.20%~75.80%。因此育种中应当充分重视主基因的利用,利用主基因应以第一对主基因的加性效应为主,对后代耐低磷性状的选择宜从F2代开始,杂交的后期世代也要注意耐性的选择。 相似文献
999.
1000.
红豆杉内生真菌发酵培养基和原生质体制备酶系统的筛选 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在对红豆杉内生真菌(Ozoniumsp.)适生碳源、氮源和生长情况研究的基础上,通过正交试验筛选了其发酵培养基和原生质体制备的酶系统;用L9(34)安排了四因素三水平并考虑交互作用的正交试验,对实验结果进行了分析.结果表明,最优的发酵培养基为果糖1%、蔗糖1%、蛋白胨0.2%、酵母粉0.5%、KH2PO40.5%、MgSO4·7H2O0.3%、VB10.001%;分离原生质体的最优酶系统为1.5%溶壁酶 0.5%蜗牛酶 1.5%纤维素酶 1.0%溶菌酶;用此酶系统在30℃条件下酶解3h,原生质体的产量达6.55×107个/mL酶液;经荧光素二醋酸酯(FDA)染色评估原生质体活力,表明该条件下分离的原生质体活力较高,原生质体的再生率为2.56%.该研究为利用生物技术手段改良紫杉醇生产菌奠定了基础.图6表4参32 相似文献