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861.
It is thought that genetic variation can affect the persistence of a population through its influence on disease susceptibility. We assessed genome-wide genetic variation, variation at a locus involved in the immune system, and acceptance or rejection of skin grafts in three natural populations of the pocket gopher ( Thomomys bottae ). Multilocus DNA fingerprints confirmed previous allozyme data, revealing high levels of variation among Hastings Reserve pocket gophers and almost complete within-population identity for individuals from the two Patricks Point populations (Patricks J and Patricks F), although Patricks J animals were dissimilar to animals from Patricks F despite their proximity. Individuals from the high-variation population consistently rejected within-population reciprocal skin grafts, whereas Patricks J and Patricks F individuals accepted within-population grafts. Patricks J and Patricks F individuals were found to be immunocompetent, however, as revealed by the ability of all individuals to reject between-population grafts, including those that previously accepted within-population grafts. A DNA heteroduplex analysis was then used to directly characterize variability at DQα, a locus of the immune system's major histocompatability complex. Both populations low in genetic variation were fixed for unique DQα alleles, whereas observed heterozygosity in the Hastings population was 0.43, ascribable to at least three unique alleles. These data are in accord with previous cheetah skin-graft results and confirm that skin grafts can be used to assess genetic similarity. We suggest that although many animal populations can persist with extremely low levels of genetic variation in the wild, such populations may be at a greater risk of extinction from particular pathogens because of their genetic uniformity. 相似文献
862.
David Goulson Jemma L. Cruise Kate R. Sparrow Adele J. Harris Kirsty J. Park Matthew C. Tinsley Andre S. Gilburn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(10):1523-1529
Flowers exhibit great intra-specific variation in the rewards they offer. At any one time, a significant proportion of flowers
often contain little or no reward. Hence, foraging profitably for floral rewards is problematic and any ability to discriminate
between flowers and avoid those that are less rewarding will confer great advantages. In this study, we examine discrimination
by foraging bees among flowers of nasturtium, Tropaeolum majus. Bee visitors included carpenter bees, Xylocopa violacea, which were primary nectar robbers; honeybees, Apis mellifera, which either acted as secondary nectar robbers or gathered pollen legitimately and bumblebees, Bombus hortorum, which were the only bees able to gather nectar legitimately. Many flowers were damaged by phytophagous insects. Nectar volume
was markedly lower in flowers with damaged petals (which were also likely to be older) and in flowers that had nectar-robbing
holes. We test whether bees exhibit selectivity with regards to the individual flowers, which they approach and enter, and
whether this selectivity enhances foraging efficiency. The flowers approached (within 2 cm) by A. mellifera and B. hortorum were non-random when compared to the floral population; both species selectively approached un-blemished flowers. They both
approached more yellow flowers than would be expected by chance, presumably a reflection of innate colour preferences, for
nectar standing crop did not vary according to flower colour. Bees were also more likely to accept (land on) un-blemished
flowers. A. mellifera gathering nectar exhibited selectivity with regards to the presence of robbing holes, being more likely to land on robbed
flowers (they are not able to feed on un-robbed flowers). That they frequently approached un-robbed flowers suggests that
they are not able to detect robbing holes at long-range, so that foraging efficiency may be limited by visual acuity. Nevertheless,
by using a combination of long-range and short-range selectivity, nectar-gathering A. mellifera and B. hortorum greatly increased the average reward from the flowers on which they landed (by 68% and 48%, respectively) compared to the
average standing crop in the flower population. Overall, our results demonstrate that bees use obvious floral cues (colour
and petal blemishes) at long-range, but can switch to using more subtle cues (robbing holes) at close range. They also make
many mistakes and some cues used do not correlate with floral rewards. 相似文献
863.
David J Mildrexler Maosheng Zhao Faith Ann Heinsch Steven W Running 《Ecological applications》2007,17(1):235-250
The timing, location, and magnitude of major disturbance events are currently major uncertainties in the global carbon cycle. Accurate information on the location, spatial extent, and duration of disturbance at the continental scale is needed to evaluate the ecosystem impacts of land cover changes due to wildfire, insect epidemics, flooding, climate change, and human-triggered land use. This paper describes an algorithm developed to serve as an automated, economical, systematic disturbance detection index for global application using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Aqua Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Terra/MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data from 2003 to 2004. The algorithm is based on the consistent radiometric relationship between LST and EVI computed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. We used annual maximum composite LST data to detect fundamental changes in land-surface energy partitioning, while avoiding the high natural variability associated with tracking LST at daily, weekly, or seasonal time frames. Verification of potential disturbance events from our algorithm was carried out by demonstration of close association with independently confirmed, well-documented historical wildfire events throughout the study domain. We also examined the response of the disturbance index to irrigation by comparing a heavily irrigated poplar tree farm to the adjacent semiarid vegetation. Anomalous disturbance results were further examined by association with precipitation variability across areas of the study domain known for large interannual vegetation variability. The results illustrate that our algorithm is capable of detecting the location and spatial extent of wildfire with precision, is sensitive to the incremental process of recovery of disturbed landscapes, and shows strong sensitivity to irrigation. Disturbance detection in areas with high interannual variability of precipitation will benefit from a multiyear data set to better separate natural variability from true disturbance. 相似文献
864.
Carmen?Rossini Alexander?Bezzerides Andrés?González Maria?Eisner Thomas?EisnerEmail author 《Chemoecology》2003,13(4):199-205
Summary. Evidence is presented that pyrrolizidine alkaloid acquired
by Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) as a larva
from Crotalaria foodplants is incorporated in part into the scales
of the adult. A single forewing of a male or female moth may contain in
the order of 6 to 13 g monocrotaline in its scale cover or about 1 to 2%
of the moths systemic monocrotaline content. Based on estimates of the number
of scales per forewing, the monocrotaline content of individual scales is calculated
to be in the order of 0.1 and 0.2 ng monocrotaline per male and female scale,
respectively. This amounts to concentrations of about 1 and 3%, values roughly at
a par with the average systemic concentration (0.5-0.6%) previously determined
for monocrotaline in Utetheisa. It is argued that the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid
in the moths scale coating could account for the promptness with which adult Utetheisa are
rejected by spiders. It is suggested further that chemical impregnation of scales with substances
deterrent to predators may be more widespread among insects than generally assumed. 相似文献
865.
Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
David R. Smith Rita F. Villella David P. Lemarié 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2003,10(1):7-15
Freshwater mussels appear to be promising candidates for adaptive cluster sampling because they are benthic macroinvertebrates that cluster spatially and are frequently found at low densities. We applied adaptive cluster sampling to estimate density of freshwater mussels at 24 sites along the Cacapon River, WV, where a preliminary timed search indicated that mussels were present at low density. Adaptive cluster sampling increased yield of individual mussels and detection of uncommon species; however, it did not improve precision of density estimates. Because finding uncommon species, collecting individuals of those species, and estimating their densities are important conservation activities, additional research is warranted on application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussels. However, at this time we do not recommend routine application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussel populations. The ultimate, and currently unanswered, question is how to tell when adaptive cluster sampling should be used, i.e., when is a population sufficiently rare and clustered for adaptive cluster sampling to be efficient and practical? A cost-effective procedure needs to be developed to identify biological populations for which adaptive cluster sampling is appropriate. 相似文献
866.
Georg Wohlfahrt Michael Bahn Christian Newesely Sigrid Sapinsky Ulrike Tappeiner Alexander Cernusca 《Ecological modelling》2003,170(2-3):407
The present paper aims at investigating how changes in canopy structure and species physiology associated with the abandonment of mountain meadows and pastures affect their net photosynthesis. For this purpose, a multi-layer vegetation–atmosphere transfer (VAT) model is employed, which explicitly takes into account the structural and functional properties of the various canopy components and species. Three sites differing in land use are investigated, a meadow, a pasture and an abandoned area. Model simulations agree reasonably with measured canopy net photosynthetic rates, the meadow featuring the highest daily net photosynthesis, followed by the pasture and, finally, the abandoned area. A detailed process analysis suggests this ranking to be mainly due to bulk canopy physiology, which decreases from the meadow to the pasture and the abandoned area, reflecting species composition and species-specific photosynthetic capacities. Differences between the canopies with regard to canopy structure are found to be of minor importance. The amounts of green, photosynthetically active plant matter are too similar at the three sites to be a major source of variation in net photosynthesis. Large differences exist between the canopies with regard to the amount of photosynthetically inactive phytoelements. Even though a model analysis showed them to be potentially important, most of them are accumulated close to the ground surface, where they exert little influence on canopy net photosynthesis. 相似文献
867.
A geo-referenced data set of 12 228 first-time blood lead screening values for Syracuse, NY, children was established for the 4-year period 1992–1996. Soil lead values were measured in a 600 m by 600 m tessellation grid covering the city. The two data sets were merged for evaluation of relationships between them. Strong seasonal variation in blood lead levels suggests the importance of contaminated soils as an exposure source. When the data were aggregated at a large geographic scale (3 km2), a logarithmic model showed an R2 of > 0.65 for the regression of geometric mean blood lead on median soil lead values. Results showed a striking similarity to those obtained by Mielke et al. (1999) for a study in New Orleans, LA, USA. 相似文献
868.
Heather?R. Britt Bradley?P.?CarlinEmail author Traci?L.?Toomey Alexander?C.?Wagenaar 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2005,12(4):411-426
Misuse of alcohol is a significant public health problem, potentially resulting in unintentional injuries, motor vehicle crashes,
drownings, and, perhaps of greatest concern, serious acts of violence, including assaults, rapes, suicides, and homicides.
Although previous research establishes a link between alcohol consumption increased levels of violence, studies relating the
density of alcohol outlets (e.g., restaurants, bars, liquor stores) and the likelihood of violent crime have been less common.
In this paper we test for such a relationship at the small area level, using data from 79 neighborhoods in the city of Minneapolis,
Minnesota. We adopt a fully Bayesian point of view using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computational methods as available
in the popular and freely available WinBUGS language. Our models control for important covariates (e.g., neighborhood racial
heterogeneity, age heterogeneity) and also account for spatial association in unexplained variability using conditionally
autoregressive (CAR) random effects. Our results indicate a significant positive relationship between alcohol outlet density
and violent crime, while also permitting easy mapping of neighborhood-level predicted and residual values, the former useful
for intervention in the most at-risk neighborhoods and the latter potentially useful in identifying covariates still missing
from the fixed effects portion of the model. 相似文献
869.
Prashanth MS David M Mathed SG 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2005,26(1):141-144
The toxicity of insecticide cypermethrin to the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala was studied using static bioassay method. The 96 h LC50 was found to be 5.13 microg/l. Increase in opercular movement, loss of equilibrium, increase in surface behaviour, change in body colour, increase secretion of mucus, irregular swimming activity, rapid jerk movement, 'S' jerky, partial jerk, and aggressiveness were observed in fish exposed to lethal concentration of cypermethrin. But in sub lethal concentration changes were observed from that of lethal and with the approach of 14 and 21 day, fish attained to normalcy. 相似文献
870.
Information about foraging speeds is particularly valuable when the impact of a predator species upon a community of prey has to be defined, as in the case of great cormorants. We measured the swim speed of 12 (six males and six females) free-ranging great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, foraging off the Greenland coast during the summer of 2003, using miniaturized data-loggers. Although mean body mass of males was 27% greater than that of females, and mean swim speed of males were 29–57% higher than that of females during foraging phases (but not descent phases) of dives, these differences in speeds were not significant due to high variances. Birds descended to the mean maximum depth of 4.7 m at an average speed of 1.6±0.5 m s−1, a speed similar to that measured in captive cormorants in previous studies. Although bursts of up to 4 m s−1 were recorded, speed usually decreased during the deepest (foraging) phase of dives, being on average 0.8±0.6 m s−1. Speeds measured here should be taken with caution, because the large propeller loggers used to measure speed directly decreased descent speeds by up to 0.5 m s−1 when compared to smaller depth-only loggers. Cormorants in Greenland seem to combine two searching strategies, one requiring low speed to scan the water column or benthos, and one requiring high speed to pursue prey. These two strategies depend on the two main habitats of their prey: pelagic or demersal. 相似文献