人工甜味剂环境行为研究进展

人工甜味剂是一类人工合成或半合成的蔗糖取代物,由于人们对饮食健康的关注而被越来越广泛地应用于食品和饮料中.但是大多数人工甜味剂在人体内几乎不被代谢就随尿液和粪便直接排到生活污水中.近年,几种典型的甜味剂在水体中广泛被检出且浓度较高,同时研究发现部分甜味剂难以降解,因此人工甜味剂已被视为新型有机污染物而得到关注.本文就人工甜味剂在水处理设施中的行为及其在环境来源和分布的相关研究进行了综述,总结了水处理设施和水环境中甜味剂的污染特征规律,并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

石英砂负载氧化铁吸附除磷的热动力学研究

通过吸附动力学实验及等温吸附实验,考察了在10～40℃的温度条件下石英砂负载氧化铁(IOCS)吸附磷的热动力学性质.结果表明:准二级反应动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型可分别较好地描述IOCS对磷的吸附动力学及吸附等温线实验结果(R2≥0.98);吸附速率及吸附容量随温度的增加而增加.吸附速率k从0.0095增加到0.0173,吸附容量从0.06 mg/g增加到0.08 mg/g.根据标准吉布斯自由能变(△G0＜0)和标准反应焓变(△H0＞0)值判断,IOCS对磷的吸附是自发的、吸热的化学吸附反应.     

Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China

The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium accumulated by 12 emergent-rooted wetland plant species including different populations of Leersia hexandra, Juncus effusus and Equisetum ramosisti were investigated in field conditions of China. The results showed that metal accumulation by wetland plants differed among species, populations and tissues. Populations grown in substrata with elevated metals contained significantly higher metals in plants. Metals accumulated by wetland plants were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance widely exists in them. That some species/populations could accumulate relatively high metal concentrations (far above the toxic concentration to plants) in their shoots indicates that internal detoxification metal tolerance mechanism(s) are also included. The factors affecting metal accumulation by wetland plants include metal concentrations, pH, and nutrient status in substrata. Mostly concentrations of Pb and Cu in both aboveground and underground tissues of the plants were significantly positively related to their total and/or DTPA-extractable fractions in substrata while negatively to soil N and P, respectively. The potential use of these wetland plants in phytoremediation is also discussed.     

Emission characterization of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants from iron ore sintering process in China

Emission of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (Unintentional POPs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), were investigated in four typical iron ore sintering plants in China. The emission factors and annual mass releases of the Unintentional POPs were calculated. The results indicated that PCDFs contributed more than 60% to the overall toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values, while the contribution of the dl-PCBs is relatively low, and only in the range of 8-9%. The dominant congeners of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs contributing most to the total TEQ were 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and PCB-126. With regard to the TEQ contributions, the most abundant homologues were PeCDFs and HxCDD/Fs, followed by PeCDDs and non-ortho dl-PCB, whereas HpCDD/Fs, OCDD/Fs and mono-ortho dl-PCBs almost made no contributions. Due to the massive use of recycled waste in the feeding materials, the average emission factor of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs of the four plants was 3.95 μg WHO-TEQ ton⁻¹. Based on the results, the annual release of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in 2007-2009 were estimated to be 2070 g, 2212 g, and 2307 g WHO-TEQ, respectively.     

Spatio-temporal variations of nitrogen in an agricultural watershed in eastern China: catchment export, stream attenuation and discharge

Using the monthly hydrogeochemical data of ChangLe River system from 2004 to 2008, total nitrogen (TN) export load (S(n)) from nonpoint sources (NPS) to stream and in-stream attenuation load (A(L)) was estimated by the inverse and forward format of an existing in-stream nutrient transport equation, respectively. Estimated S(n) contributed 96 ± 2% of TN entering the river system, while A(L) reduced the input TN by 23 ± 14% in average. In-stream TN attenuation efficiency in high flow periods (10 ± 5% in average for the entire river system) was much lower than that in low flow periods (39 ± 17%). TN attenuation efficiency in tributaries (28 ± 16% in average) was much higher than that in mainstream (11 ± 8%). Hydrological conditions are important in determining the spatio-temporal distributions of NPS TN export, stream attenuation and discharge. Increasing the water residence time might be a practical method for mitigating stream TN.     

序批式生物膜反应器挂膜启动实现短程硝化

常温条件下(20～25℃),以模拟的人工配水为研究对象,采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),在初期挂膜的基础上,笔者运用两种不同的挂膜方式即重新加入新泥和不加新泥而加大进水COD浓度来实现生物膜的快速启动。实验表明,2种挂膜启动通过14 d的培养与富集,NH4+-N与COD的处理效果都能分别达到85%和75%以上。将剩余污泥排尽后,采用第1种挂膜方式的反应器通过连续间歇曝气,达到了比较好的短程硝化效果。调整溶解氧,并且通过先下降后上升曝气量的方式,能进一步提高亚氮的出水。最终在DO为3.6 mg/L时,亚氮的积累率能达到平均74%左右,达到了比较好的亚硝化效果。而第2种挂膜方式培养的生物膜则以好氧反硝化菌为主,去除的氨氮由同化作用和培养的好氧反硝化菌去除,以后者为主。通过比较可以看出,为了实现短程硝化,第1种挂膜方式比第2种更具有优越性,有利于硝化菌种的生长和亚氮的积累,而第2种方式则有利于培养好氧反硝化菌。     

地震科技人员开发能力的灰色关联分析

应用灰色系统理论，根据江苏省地震工程研究院的地震科技开发资料，分别以项目负责人的年龄、学历、职称、职务、学科作为比较数列，对年度内完成的实际合同额进行了多因素灰色关联分析，排出了关联序。研究结果客观地揭示了开发能力与人的各种因素——年龄、学历、职称、职务、学科之间的相互关系，为市场经济条件下，地震科技人才的开发、培养和应用，提供了科学依据。     

大庆库里泡浮游植物群落时空变化及其与环境因子的相关性

库里泡是黑龙江省大庆市重要的排污、泄洪湖库之一。近年来,由于大庆市生活及工业污水排放总量逐年增加,库里泡水体质量有所下降。为掌握库里泡浮游植物群落结构特征及水环境状况,于2019年春、夏、秋3季在库里泡共设置了13个采样点,对浮游植物群落及其与水环境变量的相关关系进行了研究。利用群落相似性分析(ANOSIM)检验浮游植物群落的组间及组内差异;采用相似性百分比(SIMPER)分析辨别对群落时空格局有显著影响的物种;通过冗余分析(RDA)确认环境变量及浮游植物优势种的生态分布特征,并对主要影响因子进行辨别。结果显示:研究期间共鉴定出浮游植物106种,隶属于6门8纲13目23科49属。库里泡的浮游植物群落组成为绿藻-硅藻型,而蓝藻、隐藻、甲藻、裸藻种类相对较少,占比仅为25%。其中,优势种有15种,主要为狭形纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus angustus)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)和梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)等。ANOSIM和SIMPER分析结果表明,季节差异和生境差异对库里泡浮游植物群落结构的构建具有一定的驱动作用。RDA结果表明,影响库里泡浮游植物群落时空格局的主要环境变量为水温、总磷和总氮。营养状态指数评价结果显示,库里泡水质为中度富营养。经与近10年间的库里泡相关研究对比发现,库里泡水体浮游植物群落结构较为稳定,浮游植物优势类群略有改变。     

水体中重要污染元素化学形态分析研究方法及其进展

概述了元素化学形态分析的意义、概念和范围，元素化学形态分析与模拟计算方法，并分别对某些重要元素的化学形态分析方法的进展作了综述，介绍了１１５篇文献。     

人工神经网络用于铅的化学形态模拟计算

用前馈线性网络法求解水体系中Ｐｂ（２＋）与ＯＨ－之间的反应常数，不同训练算法对求解结果的精度、收敛速度及权值均有影响．结果表明，批处理算法的精度最好，权值不出现负值，但运算时间最长；在线算法的精度虽不如批处理算法，而比数据变换－在线算法好，权值有时会出现负值．运算时间较长；数据变换－在线算法的优点是运算时间短，但相对误差较大，权值出现负值的机会多。采用反馈网络模拟计算铅的各种化学形态的浓度．用物料核算的方法对反馈网络模型进行检验表明，此种模型用于平衡计算是可行的，详细分析了理论模拟和实验曲线的差异的原因，温度的影响最小，在４＜ｐＨ＜９时，ＣＯ有重要的影响．在国代检验时，ｎ值取整所引入的误差的影响亦不可忽视。从本文的结果可以看到，采用前馈网络和反馈网络相结合的方法考察水体中的化学形态是可行的．从而为解决这一类问题提供了一种可能的途径．