Distribution characteristics of nonylphenolic chemicals in Masan Bay environments, Korea

To understand the distribution characteristics of nonylphenolics and sterols, samples such as in creek water, sea surface water, waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent water, sediment and mussel were collected and analyzed. The principal analytes are nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), coprostanol (5beta) and cholestanol (5alpha). All these target pollutants showed 100% detection frequency in all of the samples analyzed. Total concentration of nonylphenolic compounds ranged from 334 to 3628ngl(-1) (average: 1331ngl(-1)) in creek water, from 15 to 36400ngl(-1) (average: 1013ngl(-1)) in sea surface water, from 131 to 2811ngg(-1) dry weight (average: 581ngg(-1) dry weight) in sediment and from 50.5 to 289ngg(-1) dry weight (average: 139ngg(-1) dry weight) in mussel. For water samples, levels of nonylphenolics determined in summer season were higher than those in spring season. Among them, nonylphenol and NP1EO was dominant in creek water and seawater, respectively. The highest concentration was recorded in sediment near a WWTP effluent outlet. And high levels of nonylphenolics and sterols were found in about 3km area surrounding WWTP effluent outlet. Coefficient of linear regression (R(2)) for NP in mussel and in sediment was 0.90. Similarly good correlation (R(2)=0.98) was obtained between concentration in water and in mussel indicating that a steady state has been reached in this bay. The calculated bio concentration factor (BCF=2990) for NP in Masan Bay agrees well with reported values in the literature.     

Evaluation of municipal sewage treatment systems for pollutant removal efficiency by measuring levels of micropollutants

In order to evaluate the municipal sewage treatment systems used at Harbin municipal sewage treatment plant for their pollutant removal efficiency, raw sewage and effluent samples at different treatment stages from the sewage treatment systems were taken, priority pollutants (PPs) were identified and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrograph (ICP-AES). The test results indicated that there were one hundred and fifty species of organic pollutants identified in the raw sewage sample, and only ten species of PPs in all the sewage samples. The levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) in the sewage samples were 0.779-0.111 microg l(-1), 1.977-0.022 microg l(-1), 6.411-2.194 microg l(-1) and 7.152-2.953microg l(-1), respectively, and most of these phthalate esters (PAEs) were removed through anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) process; The levels of alachlor, acetochlor, atrazine were 0.074-0.021 microg l(-1), 0.160-0.096 microg l(-1) and 0.238-0.184 microg l(-1), respectively, and the total removal efficiency of atrazine was poorest through the sewage treatment systems. The levels of Cu, Cr, Se, Hg, Ni and Zn were 0.0030-0.2327 mg l(-1). It is therefore concluded from these results that the sewage treatment systems were efficient in removing most of the organic and inorganic compounds in this study, and so, the discharged effluent could cause little of the secondary pollution of the aquatic environment.     

Oxidation of elemental mercury using atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma

The oxidation of gas phase elemental mercury (Hg0) by atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma has been investigated at room temperature, employing both dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) of the gas mixture of Hg0 and injection of ozone (O3) into the gas mixture of Hg0. Results have shown that the oxidative efficiencies of Hg0 by DBD and the injection of O3 are 59% and 93%, respectively, with energy consumption of 23.7 J L(-1). This combined approach has indicated that O3 plays a decisive role in the oxidation of gas phase Hg0. Also the oxidation of Hg0 by injecting O3 into the gas mixture of Hg0 proceeds with better efficiency than DBD of the gas mixture of Hg0. These results have been explained by the incorporation of the competitive reaction pathways between the formation of HgO by O3 and the decomposition of HgO back to Hg0 in the plasma environment.     

Sorption of pentachlorophenol on surficial sediments: the roles of metal oxides and organic materials with co-existed copper present

The sorption characteristics of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the surficial sediments were investigated using a selective extraction procedure. The results show that the Gamma(max) of PCP sorption decreased from 1.60mumolg(-1) to 0.69mumolg(-1) by approximately 60% after selective removal of organic materials from the sediments. The sorption of PCP in the sediments after selective removal of Mn oxides increased nearly up to 600% (from 1.60mumolg(-1) to 11.11mumolg(-1)) and, to a less degree, the PCP sorption in the sediments after simultaneous removal of Fe/Mn oxides (Gamma(max)=3.53mumolg(-1)). The analysis of the data using an additional model indicates that the contribution of Mn oxides to PCP sorption was negative, and Fe oxides and organic materials both have greater potential for sorption of PCP with less contribution from residues including Mn and Fe oxides in the residual fractions determined by a sequential extraction procedure and clay and silicate minerals. The differences in the decreased degrees of PCP sorption with increasing of Cu suggest that competition between Cu and PCP for sorption sites mainly takes place on Fe oxides.     

基于风险场的评价理论研究

目前,已经有多种方法可以用于石油化工企业的定量风险评价,但是这些方法多数是基于二维的风险分析,不能满足当今社会日趋增长的三维空间的安全管理和风险评价要求,因此,提出了三维的风险场的评价理论,从三维风险等值面来考察风险的分布和风险变化率.该方法采用场论的基本知识,把风险场看作数量场,对不同事故的个人风险及其风险梯度进行叠加,得到个人风险及其变化率.针对同一个危险源产生的爆炸、火灾和中毒三种风险属性,给出了其叠加后的个人风险和个人风险变化率公式,在相应的坐标系中并对二维和三维个人风险的不同的空间分布进行了比较.该方法能够清晰、直观、全面地表示出个人风险场的分布情况,同时能够了解到多个风险共同作用下的风险变化情况.     

完善环境影响评价公众参与的初步研究

环境影响评价制度是我国的一项基本环境保护法律制度,是环境管理体系的重要组成部分,完善公众参与体系有利于解决当前环境影响评价中公众参与存在的问题。在总结国内外公众参与发展进程的基础上,对完善公众参与体系进行了初步研究,提出了完善公众参与体系的内涵要点,提高公众参与体系研究力度,建立公众参与学相关内容。     

Composition and source apportionment of PAHs in sediments at river mouths and channel in Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

Fifty-eight sediment samples were collected in 2009 from the bottom of river mouths near Kaohsiung Harbor (Taiwan) and the harbor channel for the analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentrations of total PAHs varied from 39 to 30,521 ng g(-1) (dry weight); samples collected from the mouths of Love River, Canon River, Jen-Gen River, and Salt River showed the highest PAHs concentrations. This indicates that the major sources of sediment PAHs come from those polluted urban rivers and the harbor channel. In samples collected from the Salt River mouth, approximately 43% of the PAHs are identified as PAHs with 2 or 3 rings. However, samples collected from other locations contain predominantly PAHs with 4 rings (32 to 42%) or 5 and 6 rings (36 to 44%). Emissions from traffic-related sources and waste incineration contribute to the majority of PAHs found in most channel and river mouth sediments. However, coal/oil combustion is the main cause of high concentrations of PAHs observed in the Salt River mouth sediments. Principal component analyses with multivariate linear regression (PCA/MLR) have been used to further quantify the source contributions, and the results show that the contributions of coal/oil combustion, traffic-related and waste incineration are 37%, 33% and 30%, respectively.     

超临界水氧化技术处理含油污水研究

在间歇式实验装置上对超临界水氧化技术处理含油污水进行了研究,主要考察了COD的脱除率与反应时间、温度和压力的关系。实验结果表明,超临界水中的氧化反应能有效去除污水中COD,反应时间、反应温度是影响COD脱除率的重要因素。     

Investigation into organic phosphorus species in sediments of Baiyangdian Lake in China measured by fractionation and 31P NMR

Organic phosphorus (OP) species in sediments of the Baiyangdian Lake in China was investigated via fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy. Results of chemical fractionation showed that different OP fractions ranked in the order: humic acid-P?>?HCl-OP?>?fulvic acid-P?≈?NaHCO(3)-OP?>?residual OP. Labile OP and moderately labile OP, which can be degraded for phytoplankton uptake, contributed to 58.7-68.5% of total extracted OP, indicative of the potential P release from sediments in the lake. (31)P NMR spectroscopy results suggested the rank order of P species present in the NaOH-EDTA extractant of the sediments: orthophosphate?>?monoester-P?>?DNA-P?>?pyrophosphate-P. Phytate, polyphosphates, and phosphonates, which appeared in sediments of some deeper lakes, were not detected in the shallow lake. Significant correlations were identified between total P (TP) in water column and sediment TP, monoester-P and DNA-P, positively indicating that sediment P species, especially OP components, should probably contribute to the contents of P in water column and further to the lake eutrophication.