Biostyr曝气生物滤池处理城市污水的沿程生化特性

青岛市麦岛污水处理厂采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,以稳定运行的Biostyr为研究载体,考察滤池COD、NH3-N、SS和细菌数量等生化特性的沿程变化.结果表明,在气水比为4∶1～5∶1、进水COD负荷为2.5 ～3.7 kg/(m3·d)、进水NH3-N负荷为0.18～0.57 kg/(m3·d)时,滤池对COD的降解主要在150 cm填料以下处,COD的去除率可达58.9％;NH3-N去除率沿滤柱高度的变化与COD有所不同,在100 cm以下填料处,NH3-N的去除率仅为3.6％,在100 ～350 cm填料之间,NH3-N的去除率增加迅速,可达56.1％;对SS的去除主要发生在100 cm填料以下,去除率达51.7％.     

新型PEI/PAA复合正渗透膜的制备及性能表征

采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和聚丙烯酸(PAA)分别作为聚阴阳电解质,间苯二胺(MPD)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)分别为水相和油相单体,依次采用层层自组装(LBL)和界面聚合的方法对聚丙烯腈(PAN)基膜进行改性,探究层层自组装和界面聚合条件对膜性能的影响,并制备新型复合正渗透膜.得出最佳制备条件为:PAA与PEI的沉积时间为10 min,浓度为1 g·L~(-1),pH分别为9和3,支撑盐浓度为1.5 mol·L~(-1),MPD浓度为20 g·L~(-1),水相沉积时间为2 min,TMC浓度为1 g·L~(-1),界面聚合反应时间为60 s,聚电解质层数为2层,在此条件下制得的复合正渗透膜性能优良.以去离子水作为原液,1 mol·L~(-1) NaCl作为汲取液,水通量最高可达26.12 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),反向盐通量为13.08 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1),与基膜相比,复合膜的亲水性能明显提高,抗污染性能提高,为正渗透膜的制备提供了新的方法和思路.     

Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter

Air samples were collected using active samplers at various heights of 8, 15, 32, 47, 65, 80, 102, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 240, 280 and 320 m on a meteorological tower in an urban area of Beijing in two campaigns in winter 2006. Altitudinal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter season were investigated. Meteorological conditions during the studied period were characterized by online measurements of four meteorological parameters as well as trajectory calculation. The mean total concentrations of 15 PAHs except naphthalene of gaseous and particulate phase were 667±450 and 331±144 ng m⁻³ in January and 61±19 and 29±6 ng m⁻³ in March, respectively. Domestic coal combustion and vehicle emission were the dominant PAH sources in winter. Although the composition profiles derived from the two campaigns were similar, the concentrations were different by one order of magnitude. The higher concentrations in January were partly caused by higher emission due to colder weather than March. Moreover, weak wind, passing through the city center before the sampling site, picked up more contaminants on the way and provided unfavorable dispersion condition in January. For both campaigns, PAH concentrations decreased with heights because of ground-level emission and unfavorable dispersion conditions in winter. The concentration ratio of PAHs in gas versus solid phases was temperature dependent and negatively correlated to their octanol–air partition coefficients.     

Nitrogen Export from an Agriculture Watershed in the Taihu Lake Area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8–43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO ₃ ^– -N + NH ₄ ⁺ -N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

A novel direct equipartition ray design (EquRay) procedure for toxicity interaction between ionic liquid and dichlorvos

Background, aim and scope  

Pollutants always co-exist in the environment. Determining and characterizing the interaction among chemicals is an important issue. Experimental designs (ED) play an important role in evaluating the interactions. The main aim of our study is to provide the test and analysis of the toxicity interaction with a novel ED method.     

微囊藻毒素-LR通过线粒体途径诱导人支气管上皮细胞凋亡

探讨线粒体Caspase依赖性途径是否参与微囊藻毒素-LR(microcystin-LR,MC-LR)诱导人支气管上皮细胞(human bronchial epithelial cells,16HBE)凋亡过程。将处于对数生长期的16HBE分别暴露于终浓度为0(对照组)、2.5、5、10μg·m L-1的微囊藻毒素-LR和10μg·m L-1MC-LR+50μmol·L-1Caspase广谱抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK,持续24 h和48 h。检测细胞凋亡率,线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm),Caspase-3和Caspase-9相对表达量。结果显示,与对照组相比,各浓度染毒组细胞凋亡率和Caspase-3、Caspase-9相对表达量均升高,10μg·m L-1MC-LR染毒组线粒体膜电位降低;与10μg·m L-1MC-LR组相比,10μg·m L-1MCLR+50μmol·L-1Z-VAD-FMK组细胞凋亡率明显降低,Caspase-3和Caspase-9相对表达量降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。且随着MC-LR染毒浓度的升高或染毒时间的延长,16HBE细胞凋亡率和Caspase-3、Caspase-9相对表达量呈升高趋势。研究表明,MC-LR可以通过线粒体Caspase依赖性途径诱导16HBE细胞凋亡。     

溶解氧及碳氮比对SBR处理猪场厌氧消化液脱碳除氮效能的影响

猪场厌氧消化液因C/N低,常规的生物脱氮工艺存在COD去除效率低、脱氮效果差等问题.文章以模拟猪场厌氧消化液为处理对象,考察了不同溶解氧浓度(DO浓度均值为2.0和4.0 mg/L)及进水C/N(C/N=2.7、4和6)对SBR工艺脱碳除氮效能的影响.结果表明:CODcr去除率随C/N的增加而升高,并且提高C/N有利于氨氮和总氮的去除,它们的去除率随进水C/N值的增加均呈上升趋势,在C/N =6时分别达到86％和94％.     

城市环境安全模糊综合评价方法研究

北京作为我国的首都、环境保护的首善之区,在环境问题上应该,也必须是安全的。但实际上,北京大气污染、水体污染日益加剧,水资源紧张,环境安全形势严峻。本文根据2005—2014年十年环境污染统计数据,运用层次分析法、灰色聚类分析法对北京市城市环境安全进行了评价分析,结果表明,北京市城市环境安全度为6.3~6.89,属于较安全级别。十年来北京市环境安全状况呈好转趋势,环境安全度最低值出现在2006年,最高值出现在2011年,增幅9%。地表水的氨氮、BOD、高锰酸盐指数及大气污染中的PM10污染相对严重。PM10安全度指数2005—2007年偏低,由于奥运减排措施的持续作用及沙尘影响减弱,2006—2013年安全度逐年增高,2014年安全度略有下降,但整体呈好转趋势。北京市地表水污染仍为有机污染型,2005—2014年的十年间,通过结构减排、工程减排、监管减排等措施,地表水有机污染得到很大改善,各项污染物浓度总体呈下降趋势。总体而言,环境空气质量仍未达标,水环境污染仍较突出,应针对评价结果加大相应的环境治理措施,确保首都环境安全。     

挤压法制备Fe-Al-Ce复合氧化物颗粒除氟性能及地下水处理应用

利用粘结挤压法将Fe-Al-Ce复合氧化物粉末材料制备成颗粒材料(GFAC),进行表征、静态和动态吸附除氟性能评价和现场应用.结果显示,优选GFAC颗粒直径为1.6 mm,具有较高的压缩破坏强度33.80 N和除氟性能.GFAC颗粒对氟的吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学方程,吸附速率受膜扩散和内扩散共同控制;在pH 7.0±0.2条件下,GFAC颗粒对氟的饱和吸附容量达到51.28 mg/g(25℃,Langmuir等温吸附模型).不同空间流速(SV)下动态实验出水穿透(1mg/L)时对氟的累积吸附量分别为5.69mg/g (SV=1 h-1)、5.61mg/g (SV=2h-1)、2.83 mg/g (SV=5 h-1),高于常见活性氧化铝除氟剂(AA,1.77 mg/g,SV=1 h-1)及其他报道的颗粒除氟剂.GFAC颗粒在河北现场成功用于实际高氟地下水的处理,在原水氟浓度(3.7±0.3)mg/L和pH 8.0±0.2条件下,对氟的累计吸附量为3.16 mg/g,明显高于AA(0.83mg/g),具有较好的应用前景.