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371.
气候变化与城市发展对城市气象灾害的影响及对策——以西安市为例 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用西安市1951-2006年气温、降水、风以及天气现象等气象观测资料,分析了在全球变暖及城市发展背景下,西安市城市干旱、城市内涝、高温热浪、大风、冰雪天气、雷电灾害等主要城市气象灾害特征及影响.随着城市建设的快速发展以及气候变化的加剧,水资源供需不平衡造成的城市干旱仍是西安可持续发展面临的重要问题;20世纪90年代以来,在降水呈现减少趋势下,极端强降水发生的频率增加,城市内涝严重;高温热浪、雷电灾害、大风、降雪冰冻天气等城市气象灾害对城市的正常运转的影响也日益突出.针对城市气象灾害的影响,从气象防灾减灾体系建设方面提出了城市气象灾害的防御对策. 相似文献
372.
人们对建筑居住环境、办公环境的舒适性、美观性等要求也越来越高。但随之而来的是由于装修材料、建筑材料和室内家具不合格而导致的室内空气污染问题也日趋严重。而人类由于生活和工作方式的改变,大约有85%以上的时间将是在室内度过,婴幼儿和老人在室内度过的时间更长,来自家庭和办公室的有害物质比来自其他地方的有害物质更容易引起疾病。 相似文献
373.
本文建立了崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量的计算方法,并计算了该区域的生态环境需水量.结果表明崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量为3089.78×104m3,其中植被生态环境需水量为2792.7×104m3,河流生态环境需水量为291.95×104m3,水库生态环境需水量为5.13×104m3.崂山水库上游区生产生活用水总量为63.67×104m3,多年平均水资源总量为4032.7×104m3,说明从全年来看该区域生态环境需水能够得到基本满足.但径流量年内分配极不均匀,大部分集中于丰水期,枯水期的生态环境需水可能无法保障. 相似文献
374.
Yanhui Wang Pengtao Yu Wei Xiong Zhenxi Shen Mingchun Guo Zhongjie Shi Apeng Du Liangmin Wang 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(5):1086-1097
Abstract: The increase of coverage of forest/vegetation is imperative to improve the environment in dry‐land areas of China, especially for protecting soil against serious erosion and sandstorms. However, inherent severe water shortages, drought stresses, and increasing water use competition greatly restrict the reforestation. Notably, the water‐yield reduction after afforestation generates intense debate about the correct approach to afforestation and forest management in dry‐land areas. However, most studies on water‐yield reduction of forests have been at catchment scales, and there are few studies of the response of total evapotranspiration (ET) and its partitioning to vegetation structure change. This motivates us to learn the linkage between hydrological processes and vegetation structure in slope ecosystems. Therefore, an ecohydrological study was carried out by measuring the individual items of water balance on sloping plots covered by different vegetation types in the semiarid Liupan Mountains of northwest China. The ratio of precipitation consumed as ET was about 60% for grassland, 93% for shrubs, and >95% for forestland. Thus, the water yield was very low, site‐specific, and sensitive to vegetation change. Conversion of grassland to forest decreased the annual water yield from slope by 50‐100 mm. In certain periods, the plantations at lower slopes even consumed the runon from upper slopes. Reducing the density of forests and shrubs by thinning was not an efficient approach to minimize water use. Leaf area index was a better indicator than plant density to relate ET to vegetation structure and to evaluate the soil water carrying capacity for vegetation (i.e., the maximum amount of vegetation that can be supported by the available soil water for an extended time). Selecting proper vegetation types and plant species, based on site soil water condition, may be more effective than the forest density regulation to minimize water‐yield reduction by vegetation coverage increase and notably by reforestation. Finally, the focuses in future research to improve the forest‐water relations in dry‐land areas are recommended as follows: vegetation growth dynamics driven by environment especially water conditions, coupling of ecological and hydrological processes, further development of distributed ecohydrological models, quantitative relation of eco‐water quota of ecosystems with vegetation structures, multi‐scaled evaluation of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation, and the development of widely applicable decision support tools. 相似文献
375.
The objective of this research is to explore an appropriate way of monitoring and assessing water quality by satellite remote sensing techniques in the Miyun reservoir of Beijing, China. Two scene Thematic Mapper images in May and October of 2003 were acquired and simultaneous in situ measurements, sampling and analysis were conducted. Statistical analysis indicates that satellite-based normalized ratio vegetation index (NRVI) and in situ measured water chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration have very high correlation. Two linear regression models with high determination coefficients were constructed for NRVI and Chl-a of sample points. According to the modified trophic state index map, water quality in the western section of Miyun reservoir was consistently higher than in the eastern section during the two months tested. The trophic grade of the eastern reservoir remained mesotrophic with a tendency for eutrophication. 相似文献
376.
377.
378.
Vandecasteele B Du Laing G Tack FM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(1):329-338
Site-specific hydrological conditions affect the availability of trace metals for vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, the effect of submersion on the metal uptake by the wetland plant species Salix cinerea and Populus nigra grown on a contaminated dredged sediment-derived soil and on an uncontaminated soil was evaluated. An upland hydrological regime for the polluted sediment caused elevated Cd concentrations in leaves and cuttings for both species. Emergence and soil oxidation after initial submersion of a polluted sediment resulted in comparable foliar Cd and Zn concentrations for S. cinerea as for the constant upland treatment. The foliar Cd and Zn concentrations were clearly higher than for submerged soils after initial upland conditions. These results point at the importance of submergence-emergence sequence for plant metal availability. The addition of foliar-based organic matter or aluminosilicates to the polluted sediment-derived soil in upland conditions did not decrease Cd and Zn uptake by S. cinerea. 相似文献
379.
380.
Junyi Du Daishe Wu Huayun Xiao Ping Li 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2011,5(2):212-226
This research investigates the adsorption mechanisms of fluoride (F) on four clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, chlorite,
and illite) under different F− concentrations and reaction times by probing their fluoride superficial layer binding energies and element compositions using
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At high F− concentrations (C
0 = 5–1000 mg·L−1), the amount of F− adsorbed (Q
F), amount of hydroxide released by clay minerals, solution F− concentration, and the pH increase with increasing C
0. The increases are remarkable at C
0>50 mg·L−1. The QF increases significantly by continuously modifying the pH level. At C
0<5–100 mg·L−1, clay minerals adsorb H+ to protonate aluminum-bound surface-active hydroxyl sites in the superficial layers and induce F− binding. As the C
0 increases, F−, along with other cations, is adsorbed to form a quasi-cryolite structure. At C
0>100 mg·L−1, new minerals precipitate and the product depends on the critical Al3+ concentration. At [Al3+]>10−11.94 mol·L−1, cryolite forms, while at [Al3+]<10−11.94 mol·L−1, AlF3 is formed. At low C
0 (0.3–1.5 mg·L−1), proton transfer occurs, and the F− adsorption capabilities of the clay minerals increase with time. 相似文献