Uncertainty analysis in the nuclear industry: Analytical unavailability modelling incorporating ageing of safety components

There is a growing interest in analyzing the possibility for current nuclear power plants operation extension. In that sense, life management programs, considering safety components ageing, are being developed and employed. On the other side, the large uncertainties of the ageing parameters as well as the uncertainties associated with most of the reliability data collections are widely acknowledged.This paper deals with uncertainty analysis associated with specific ageing rates database. The analysis is conducted using an analytical unavailability model applied for a selected safety system in a nuclear power plant. The most important problem is the immense uncertainty associated to the component ageing data sets as well as the lack of the very data in general, which would correspond to the more detailed modelling of ageing.New probability distributions, encompassing the ageing rates available in the considered data set, are suggested. The obtained results indicate the extent to which the uncertainty of the considered ageing data set, given the inherently assigned probability distribution, influences the performed unavailability calculations. Additionally, comparative analysis regarding the insights gained out of the application of the suggested probability distributions is conducted.     

高层建筑火灾中的安全疏散

高层火灾事故呈明显上升趋势,群死群伤事故时有发生,给国家和人民生命财产造成了极大的损失。叙述了影响人员安全撤离的因素．提出了火场逃生应注意的事项,对人员的高效、安全逃生有一定的指导意义。     

冶炼厂废水泵的汽蚀

常用离心泵排送冶炼厂废水时,废水泵易发生汽蚀。分析了形成废水泵汽蚀的各种因素,特别分析了废水生成“汽蚀核子”的特点,找出了防治废水泵汽蚀的有效措施。     

印染废水处理工艺工程实例

介绍了改良型水解酸化+生物接触氧化工艺处理印染废水的工程实例,处理后水中的COD、BOD5浓度均低于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。该工艺运行费用低、管理简单方便、易于操作、去除色度效果好、无二次污染、投资规模小。     

不同气候生态条件下水稻品种产量、功能性成分含量及稳定性

培育高γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉的水稻品种,并明确其适宜的生态条件是水稻功能性育种和栽培的重要环节之一.选用云南和浙江近期育成的水稻Oryza sativa L.粳籼品种(系)21个,按粳籼品种(系)分组后分别在云南粳籼稻区10个点种植,比较研究不同生态条件其产量、γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉含量变异及稳定性.结果表明:供试11个粳稻品种(系)产量的平均值为8 485.0kg/hm2,变化幅度为4 129.8～10 159.2 kg/hm2,其中以HIPjl最低.10个籼稻品种(系)产量变化范围在380.1～7 995.6 kg/hm2,其中以W229最低.滇农S-1/毫梅、滇农S-1/滇靖8号、功米6号、文稻1号/IR36和RS21属于高产而稳定性较好的品种.粳稻平均GABA的含量在108.7～157.1 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为128.9 mg·kg-1;其抗性淀粉含量在0.48%～0.73%之间,平均值为0.62%.籼稻品种的平均GABA含量在86.1～186.9 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为133.04 mg·kg-1,变异系数范围为2.33%～19.75%;其平均抗性淀粉含量为0.18%～2.52%,平均值为0.85%.其中滇农S-1/毫梅、功米6号、银光、HIPil和文稻2号/IR36属于高GABA而稳定性较好的品种.滇农S-1/毫梅、65-36/云粳136、功米6号、RS21和滇屯502/双籼稻属于高RS而稳定性较好的品种.不同气候生态条件下参试品种的GABA和RS的变异,籼稻大于粳稻.     

生物样品中氯苯类化合物的提取和测定

以水草和鱼样品为研究对象,采用超声波法提取生物样品中的氯苯类化合物(CBS)并用气相色谱进行定性和定量分析.结果表明:用超声波提取生物样品中CBS的最佳提取溶剂为正己烷,功率为25W,提取时间为20 min.植物和动物样品中CBS的提取方法稍有不同.在最佳提取条件下,鱼样中的平均加标回收率为75.2%～91.6%,水草中的平均加标回收率为88.2%～94.3%.另外,要根据污染物的检出限,确定生物样品中污染物提取的浓缩倍数.结论:用超声波法提取生物样品中的CBs的方法是可行的.     

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.     

Preparation of a PASi-P(AM-ADB) hybrid flocculant and efficiently removal bio-refractory organics from coking wastewater

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Bio-refractory organic contaminants (BOC) originating from coking wastewater is a severe threat to the environment and human health. The efficient pretreatment of...     

Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition. • Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. • Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy. • Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems. • Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable. Shale oil and gas exploitation not only consumes substantial amounts of freshwater but also generates large quantities of hazardous wastewater. Tremendous research efforts have been invested in developing membrane-based technologies for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. Despite their success at the laboratory scale, membrane processes have not been implemented at full scale in the oil and gas fields. In this article, we analyze the growing demands of wastewater treatment in shale oil and gas production, and then critically review the current stage of membrane technologies applied to the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. We focus on the unique niche of those technologies due to their advantages and limitations, and use mechanical vapor compression as the benchmark for comparison. We also highlight the importance of pretreatment as a key component of integrated treatment trains, in order to improve the performance of downstream membrane processes and water product quality. We emphasize the lack of sufficient efforts to scale up existing membrane technologies, and suggest that a stronger collaboration between academia and industry is of paramount importance to translate membrane technologies developed in the laboratory to the practical applications by the shale oil and gas industry.     

Trophic mode and organics metabolic characteristic of fungal community in swine manure composting

Fungal trophic modes and substrates utilization ability was observed in composting. Fungi had the higher diversity and more trophic types in thermophilic phase. Fungi had the higher metabolic potential in fresh swine manure and mature production. Redox potential, organics and moisture are main factors impacting fungal community. Composting reduced pathogenic fungi and enrich dung saprotroph fungi in swine manure. The succession of fungal community, trophic mode and metabolic characteristics were evaluated in 60 days composting of swine manure by high-throughput sequencing, FUNGuild and Biolog method, respectively. The result showed that the fungal community diversity reached to the highest level (76 OTUs) in the thermophilic phase of composting, then sustained decline to 15 OTUs after incubation. There were 10 fungal function groups in the raw swine manure. Pathotroph-saprotroph fungi reached to 15.91% on Day-10 but disappeared on Day-60. Dung saprotroph-undefined saprotroph fungi grown from 0.19% to 52.39% during the treatment. The fungal community had more functional groups but the lower substrate degradation rates in the thermophilic phase. The fungal communities on Day-0 and Day-60 had the highest degradation rates of amino acids and polymers, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that ORP (49.6%), VS/Ash (45.3%) and moisture (39.2%) were the main influence factors on the succession of fungal community in the swine manure composting process.